• Progress in Superconductivity
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.50-54
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• 2003

We have fabricated $∂^2$$B_{z}$ /$∂x^2$ type planar gradiometers and studied their properties in operation under various field conditions. $YBa_2$$Cu_3$$O_{7}$ film was deposited on $SrTiO_3$ (100) substrate by a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) system and patterned into a device by the photolithography with ion milling technique. The device consists of 3 pickup loops designed symmetrically Inner dimension and the width of the square side loops are 3.6 mm and 1.2 mm, respectively, and the corresponding dimensions of the center loop are 2.0 mm and 1.13 mm. The length of baseline gradiometer is 5.8 mm. Step-edge junction width is 3.0 $\mu\textrm{m}$ and the hole size of the SQUID loop is 3 $\mu\textrm{m}$ ${\times}$ 52 $\mu\textrm{m}$. The SQUID inductance is estimated to be 35 pH. The device was formed on a 20 mm ${\times}$ 10 mm substrate. We have tested the behavior of the device in various field conditions. The unshielded gradiometer was stable under extremely hostile conditions on a laboratory bench. Noise level 0.45 pT/$\textrm{cm}^2$/(equation omitted)Hz and 0.84 pT/$\textrm{cm}^2$/(equation omitted)Hz at 1 Hz for the shielded and the unshielded cases, which correspond to equivalent field noises of 150 fT/(equation omitted)Hz and 280 fT/(equation omitted)Hz, respectively. In spite of the short baseline of 5.8 mm, the high common-mode-rejection-ratio of the gradiometer, $10^3$, allowed us to successfully record magnetocardiogram of a human subject, which demonstrates the feasibility of the design in biomagnetic studies.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.291-297
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• 1998

Sternal fractures, once thought of as an uncommon phenomenon, have occurred with an increasing frequency, paralleling the incidence of motor vehicle accidents. The tremendous force necessary to cause sternal fracture and this bone's prominent position overlying major intrathoracic and mediastinal structures, have important implications in the assessment and treatment of patients. This evaluation is based on the review of 72 patients of traumatic sternal fracture treated at the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul Adventist Hospital during the last 4 years from March 1993 to February 1997. The frequency was 12.2% of nonpenetrating chest trauma and average age was 43.2 years old. Automobile accidents(84%) and sternal body fractures(95.8%) with anterior displacements(19.4%) was the most common cause and fracture site. Increase of cardiac isoenzymes was more frequent and higher in sternal fracture than chest contusion but there was no relationship between the time to take normalization of them and the mode of trauma.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.17-26
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• 2018

If a photovoltaic (PV) system is installed in a primary feeder interconnected with the PV system, bi-directional power flow can occur, and then, the magnitude and direction of the fault current can change, depending on the fault location and point of common coupling (PCC) of the PV system, and the time current curve (TCC) cannot be properly coordinated between protection devices. Also, it is difficult to obtain a proper time interval for protection devices because the conventional setting approach is applied, even though the PV system is installed and operating. Therefore, this paper presents three operation modes considering the operational conditions of the PV system to obtain setting values for protection devices. Based on the mode, this paper proposes an algorithm to calculate the optimal protection coordination time interval according to the introduction capacity of the PV system. In addition, this paper performs modelling of a distribution system with the PV system and protection devices by using Off-DAS S/W, and analyzes the characteristics of the time interval between the protection devices, such as substation relays, reclosers, customer relays, and PV customer relays. The simulation results confirmed that the proposed operational modes and setting-value algorithms are useful and effective for protection coordination in a distribution system for a PV system.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.66-70
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• 1997

LGC-40863(proposed common name ; pyribenzoxim), (benzophenone O-[2,6-bis[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)oxy]benzoyl]oxime) is a new rice herbicide being developed by LG Chemical Ltd. The herbicide is highly selective between rice(Oryza sativa L.) and weeds including barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) P. Beauv.), and assumed to inhibit acetolactate synthase(ALS ; EC 4.1.3.18) because other structurally related herbicides inhibit the enzyme. To know inhibitory activity and the mode of inhibition of LGC-40863, $I_{50}$(concentration inhibiting ALS activity by 50%) and inhibition kinetics were investigated using ALS extracted from rice and barnyardgrass. $I_{50}$ values of LGC-40863 were 14 and 16mM in rice and barnyardgrass, respectively. In contrast to imazapyr(2-[4,5-dihydro-4-mythyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-pyridine-carboxylic acid) which showed an uncompetitive inhibition pattern, LGC-40863 was a noncompetitive inhibitor to ALS with respect to pyruvate similar to chlorsulfuron(2-chloro-N-((4-methoxy-6-methyl-l,3,5-triazin-2-yl) aminocarbonyl)benz-enesulfonamide) in both plants.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.129-135
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• 2009

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM. Zirconia-based restorations have the common technical complication of delamination, or porcelain chipping, from the zirconia core. Thus the shear bond strength between the zirconia core and the veneering porcelain requires investigation in order to facilitate the material's clinical use. PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bonding strength of the porcelain veneer to the zirconia core and to other various metal alloys (high noble metal alloy and base metal alloy). MATERIAL AND METHODS. 15 rectangular ($4\times4\times9mm$) specimens each of zirconia (Cercon), base metal alloy (Tillite), high noble metal alloy (Degudent H) were fabricated for the shear bond strength test. The veneering porcelain recommended by the manufacturer for each type of material was fired to the core in thickness of 3mm. After firing, the specimens were embedded in the PTFE mold, placed on a mounting jig, and subjected to shear force in a universal testing machine. Load was applied at a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min until fracture. The average shear strength (MPa) was analyzed with the oneway ANOVA and the Tukey's test ($\alpha$= .05). The fractured specimens were examined using SEM and EDX to determine the failure pattern. RESULTS. The mean shear strength ($\pm\;SD$) in MPa was 25.43 ($\pm\;3.12$) in the zirconia group, 35.87 ($\pm\;4.23$) in the base metal group, 38.00 ($\pm\;5.23$) in the high noble metal group. The ANOVA showed a significant difference among groups, and the Tukey' s test presented a significant difference between the zirconia group and the metal group. Microscopic examination showed that the failure primarily occurred near the interface with the residual veneering porcelain remaining on the core. CONCLUSION. There was a significant difference between the metal ceramic and zirconia ceramic group in shear bond strength. There was no significant difference between the base metal alloy and the high noble metal alloy.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.31 no.8A
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• pp.820-829
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• 2006

IP-based design methodology has been popularly employed for SoC design to reduce design complexity and to cope with time-to-market pressure. Due to the request for high performance of current mobile systems, embedded SoC design needs a multi-processor to manage problems of high complexity and the data processing such as multimedia, DMB and image processing in real time. Interface module for communication between system buses and processors are required, since many IPs employ different protocols. High performance processors require interface module to minimize the latency of data transmission during read-write operation and to enhance the performance of a top level system. This paper proposes an automatic interface generation system based on FSM generated from the common protocol description sequence of a bus and an IP. The proposed interface does not use a buffer which stores data temporally causing the data transmission latency. Experimental results show that the area of the interface circuits generated by the proposed system is reduced by 48.5% on the average, when comparing to buffer-based interface circuits. Data transmission latency is reduced by 59.1% for single data transfer and by 13.3% for burst mode data transfer. By using the proposed system, it becomes possible to generate a high performance interface circuit automatically.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.762-772
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• 2011

In this paper, a method of rate control for constant bitrate (CBR) coding of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is addressed. The existing rate control of H.264/AVC may not provide exact rate control in the case of hierarchical coding structure since it doesn't consider the characteristics of the hierarchical coding structure. It is expected that a rate control is added to the reference software called HM for CBR encoding in the near future. More accurate rate control may be required in a hierarchical structure of random access (RA) mode defined in the common test condition of HM. In this paper, we propose a method of rate control based on quadratic Rate-Distortion (R-D) model considering temporal layers and frame types in hierarchical coding structure for efficient rate control. In the consideration of the trade-off relationship between the bit fluctuation and the average PSNR, both of frame and coding unit (CU) are set as the basic unit of rate control. The performance of the proposed rate control method is verified by simulations along with the trade-off relationships for the both cases of basic unit.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.298-304
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• 2009

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the association of blood pressure levels with the common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCA-IMT) and carotid plaques. Methods : Data were obtained from 2,635 subjects, aged 50 years and over, who participated in the Community Health Survey (a population-based, cross-sectional study) in Dong-gu, Gwangju city between 2007 and 2008. Participants were categorized into three groups according to blood pressure levels; normotensives (<120/80 mmHg), prehypertensives (120-139/80-89 mmHg), and hypertensives ($\geq$140/90 mmHg). Prehypertensives were further categorized as low prehypertensives (120-129/80-84 mmHg) and high prehypertensives (130-139/85-89 mmHg). Carotid intima-media thickness and plaques were evaluated with a high-resolution B-mode ultrasound. Statistical analyses were performed using chi-square test, ANOVA, and multiple logistic regression. Results : Prehypertensives had significantly greater maximal CCA-IMT values than normotensives, with a multivariate adjusted odds ratio of 1.78 (95% CI=1.36-2.32) for abnormal CCA-IMT (maximal CCA-IMT$\geq$1.0 mm), and 1.45 (95% CI=1.19-1.77) for carotid plaques. The multivariate adjusted odds ratio of low prehypertensives was 1.64 (95% CI=1.21-2.21) for abnormal CCA-IMT, and 1.30 (95% CI=1.04-1.63) for carotid plaques compared with normotensives. Subject with hypertension had higher frequency of abnormal CCA-IMT (odds ratio, 2.18; 95% CI=1.49-3.18), and carotid plaques (odds ratio, 1.98; 95% CI=1.46-2.67) compared with normotensives after adjustment for other cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusions : Our results indicate that there is a significant increase in the prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis in subjects with prehypertension (even in low prehypertensives) compared with normotensive subjects. Further studies are required to confirm the benefits and role of carotid ultrasonography in persons with prehypertension.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.243-250
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• 2013

Pyracantha is a genus of thorny evergreen large shrubs in the family of Rosaceae, with common names Firethorn or Pyracantha. It's extract has also been used in cosmetics as a skin-whitening agent and functioning through tyrosinase inhibition. Recent studies have shown that pyracantha extract possesses antioxidant activities and may significantly improve lipoprotein metabolism in rats. Although the mode of action of Pyracantha extract is not fully understood, a strong relationship was observed between antioxidant and apoptosis in some types of cells. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluated the effect of pyracantha extract on blastocysts formation and their quality of the porcine parthenogenetic embryos. After parthenogenetic activation by chemicals, presumptive porcine parthenogenetic embryos were cultured in PZM-3 medium supplemented with extracts of pyracantha leaf, stalk and root for 6 day (1, 5 and $10{\mu}g/ml$, respectively). In our results, the frequency of blastocyst formation in pyracantha root extract ($5{\mu}g/ml$) treated group had increased that of other groups. Furthermore, blastocysts derived from pyracantha root extract ($5{\mu}g/ml$) treated group had increased the total cell numbers and reduced apoptotic index. Blastocyst development was significantly improved in the pyracantha root extract ($5{\mu}g/ml$) treated group when compared with the $H_2O_2$ treated group (p<0.05). Subsequent evaluation of the intracellular levels of ROS in pyracantha root extract ($5{\mu}g/ml$) treated groups under $H_2O_2$ induced oxidative stress were decreased (p<0.05). In conclusion, our results indicate that treatment of pyracantha root extract may improve in vitro development of porcine parthenogenetic embryos through its antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.720-730
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• 2000

Malnutrition is a common problem in cancer patients. In addition anticancer drugs used in chemotherapy as a major therapeutic mode are famous as the side effect like nausea, vomiting, which lead the patients to malnourished state. This study was to determine the relationship of anorexia, nausea, vomiting and oral intake and identify the influence these side effects on the nutritional status in patients receiving chemotherapy. To assess the nutritional status, anthropometry such as weight, height, body mass index(BMI), body fat proportion, and triceps skinfold thickness, and biochemistry test such as hemoglobin and lymphocyte were measured at the pre- and post- chemotherapy and the readmission time, all three times. During chemotherapy, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting using a VAS or 5-point scale and 24 hour oral intake using a food record were measured daily. Forty-nine patients knowing their diagnosis and receiving chemotherapy were recruited from an oncological ward in a general hospital for 5 months and they were reduced 31 at readmission time for a next chemotherapy. The results were as follows. Most subjects (93.6%) were in the 4th stage of cancer and 57.1% of subjects were in the first or the second chemotherapy. In most subjects(82.6%), their weight was decreased 10.7% than as usual. The degree of anorexia, nausea, and vomiting was significantly higher and the amount of oral intake was significantly less during the chemotherapy than at the pre-chemotherapy. Weight, BMI, triceps skinfold were reduced more at the post- chemotherapy than the pre-chemotherapy and were recovered the nearly same but less level at the readmission time. Body fat proportion was increased at the post chemotherapy and then decreased at the readmission phase. Hemoglobin and the number of lymphocyte were below normal at the pre-chemotherapy and more reduced at the readmission time. Anorexia, nausea, and vomiting were related positively and oral intake was negatively related with nausea and vomiting. The nutritional status at the post- chemotherapy and the readmission time was explained 20% over by the side effect like anorexia, nausea, vomiting and oral intake during the chemotherapy. The significant nutrition predictors at the post- chemotherapy were vomiting and the significant predictors at the readmission time were anorexia, vomiting, and oral intake. These results indicated the patients receiving chemotherapy were continued to deteriorate the nutritional status. Therefore nurse should have knowledge how much the nutritional status can be affected and assess the nutritional status periodically and try to find out the intervention for side effects from the series of chemotherapies.