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Digital Video Scrambling Methods using Motion Vector and Intra Prediction Mode (움직임 벡터와 인트라 예측 모드를 이용한 디지털 비디오 스크램블링 방법)

  • Ahn, Jin-Haeng;Jeon, Byeung-Woo
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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    • v.42 no.4 s.304
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    • pp.133-142
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    • 2005
  • In this paper, two digital video scrambling methods are proposed as simple means of the digital content protection techniques. One is inter block scrambling using motion vector, the other is intra block scrambling using intra prediction mode. The proposed inter block scrambling method distorts the original sequences by swapping horizontal and vertical components of motion vector. This method can be applied on most common video coding techniques such as MPEG-1, 2, 4, H.264, etc. The proposed intra block scrambling method distorts the original sequences by modifying intra prediction mode that is property of H.254 video coding technique. Both methods do not cause my bit rate increase after scrambling. Moreover, they have low complexity because they need only simple operation like XOR. Especially, the proposed intra block scrambling does not distort inter blocks directly. But inter blocks are distorted by error propagation effect as much as intra blocks. This paper introduces two new digital video scrambling method and verifies its effectiveness through simulation.

A 2.4-GHz CMOS Power Amplifier with a Bypass Structure Using Cascode Driver Stage to Improve Efficiency (효율 개선을 위해 캐스코드 구동 증폭단을 활용한 바이패스 구조의 2.4-GHz CMOS 전력 증폭기)

  • Jang, Joseph;Yoo, Jinho;Lee, Milim;Park, Changkun
    • Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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    • v.23 no.8
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    • pp.966-974
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    • 2019
  • In this study, we propose a CMOS power amplifier (PA) using a bypass technique to enhance the efficiency in the low-power region. For the bypass structure, the common-gate (CG) transistor of the cascode structure of the driver stage is divided in two parallel branches. One of the CG transistors is designed to drive the power stage for high-power mode. The other CG transistor is designed to bypass the power stage for low-power mode. Owing to a turning-off of the power stage, the power consumption is decreased in low-power mode. The measured maximum output power is 20.35 dBm with a power added efficiency of 12.10%. At a measured output power of 11.52 dBm, the PAE is improved from 1.90% to 7.00% by bypassing the power stage. Based on the measurement results, we verified the functionality of the proposed bypass structure.

Tapentadol: Can It Kill Two Birds with One Stone without Breaking Windows?

  • Chang, Eun Jung;Choi, Eun Ji;Kim, Kyung Hoon
    • The Korean Journal of Pain
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    • v.29 no.3
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    • pp.153-157
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    • 2016
  • Tapentadol is a novel oral analgesic with a dual mode of action as an agonist of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR), and as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI) all in a single molecule. Immediate release (IR) tapentadol shows its analgesic effect quickly, at around 30 minutes. Its MOR agonistic action produces acute nociceptive pain relief; its role as an NRI brings about chronic neuropathic pain relief. Absorption is rapid, with a mean maximal serum concentration at 1.25-1.5 h after oral intake. It is present primarily in the form of conjugated metabolites after glucuronidation, and excretes rapidly and completely via the kidneys. The most common adverse reactions are nausea, dizziness, vomiting, and somnolence. Constipation is more common in use of the ER formulation. Precautions against concomitant use of central nervous system depressants, including sedatives, hypnotics, tranquilizers, general anesthetics, phenothiazines, other opioids, and alcohol, or use of tapentadol within 14 days of the cessation of monoamine oxidase inhibitors, are advised. The safety and efficacy have not been established for use during pregnancy, labor, and delivery, or for nursing mothers, pediatric patients less than 18 years of age, and cases of severe renal impairment and severe hepatic impairment. The major concerns for tapentadol are abuse, addiction, seeking behavior, withdrawal, and physical dependence. The presumed problem for use of tapentadol is to control the ratio of MOR agonist and NRI. In conclusion, tapentadol produces both nociceptive and neuropathic pain relief, but with worries about abuse and dependence.

Design of Small-Area and High-Reliability 512-Bit EEPROM IP for UHF RFID Tag Chips (UHF RFID Tag Chip용 저면적·고신뢰성 512bit EEPROM IP 설계)

  • Lee, Dong-Hoon;Jin, Liyan;Jang, Ji-Hye;Ha, Pan-Bong;Kim, Young-Hee
    • Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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    • v.16 no.2
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    • pp.302-312
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    • 2012
  • In this paper, small-area and high-reliability design techniques of a 512-bit EEPROM are designed for UHF RFID tag chips. For a small-area technique, there are a WL driver circuit simplifying its decoding logic and a VREF generator using a resistor divider instead of a BGR. The layout size of the designed 512-bit EEPROM IP with MagnaChip's 0.18μm EEPROM is 59.465μm×366.76μm which is 16.7% smaller than the conventional counterpart. Also, we solve a problem of breaking 5V devices by keeping VDDP voltage constant since a boosted output from a DC-DC converter is made discharge to the common ground VSS instead of VDDP (=3.15V) in getting out of the write mode.

A Hierarchical Model Predictive Voltage Control for NPC/H-Bridge Converters with a Reduced Computational Burden

  • Gong, Zheng;Dai, Peng;Wu, Xiaojie;Deng, Fujin;Liu, Dong;Chen, Zhe
    • Journal of Power Electronics
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    • v.17 no.1
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    • pp.136-148
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    • 2017
  • In recent years, voltage source multilevel converters are very popular in medium/high-voltage industrial applications, among which the NPC/H-Bridge converter is a popular solution to the medium/high-voltage drive systems. The conventional finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) strategy is not practical for multilevel converters due to their substantial calculation requirements, especially under high number of voltage levels. To solve this problem, a hierarchical model predictive voltage control (HMPVC) strategy with referring to the implementation of g-h coordinate space vector modulation (SVM) is proposed. By the hierarchical structure of different cost functions, load currents can be controlled well and common mode voltage can be maintained at low values. The proposed strategy could be easily expanded to the systems with high number of voltage levels while the amount of required calculation is significantly reduced and the advantages of the conventional FCS-MPC strategy are reserved. In addition, a HMPVC-based field oriented control scheme is applied to a drive system with the NPC/H-Bridge converter. Both steady-state and transient performances are evaluated by simulations and experiments with a down-scaled NPC/H-Bridge converter prototype under various conditions, which validate the proposed HMPVC strategy.

Study on the Performance Improvement of VLC Modulation Scheme Based on 3-Dimensional Color Space (3차원 색채 공간 기반의 가시광 통신 변조기법 성능개선 연구)

  • Lee, Kyung-Keun;Yun, Ki-Bang;Park, Young-Il;Kim, Ki-Doo
    • 전자공학회논문지 IE
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    • v.47 no.4
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    • pp.53-58
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    • 2010
  • In this paper we propose symbol decision method reflecting the color non-uniformity in 3-dimensional color space. By comparing with 2-dimensional color space decision method, we show the superiority of BER performance of the proposed method. Proposed method may reflect the non-uniformity since the symbol decision boundary in color space is transformed from 3D RGB space, and one dimension corresponding to Y value is added. Therefore, we can obtain the better BER performance by using the symbol decision method in 3D color space. In this paper, through numerical simulation, show the superior BER performance of 3D color space symbol decision method compared with 2D color space symbol decision method under AWGN and common mode noise channel.

Experimental Investigation of Nano-sized Particulate Matter Emission Characteristics under Engine Operating Conditions from Common Rail Diesel Engine (커먼레일 디젤엔진의 운전조건이 나노크기 입자상 물질 배출특성에 미치는 영향에 관한 실험적 연구)

  • Lee, Hyung-Min;Myung, Cha-Lee;Park, Sim-Soo
    • Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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    • v.34 no.4
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    • pp.508-514
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    • 2010
  • The objective of this work presented here was experimental study of steadystate and cold start exhaust nano-sized particle characteristics from common rail diesel engine. The effect of the diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) on the particle number reduction was insignificant, however, particle number concentration levels were reduced by 3 orders of magnitude into the downstream of diesel particulate filter (DPF). In high speed and load conditions, natural regeneration of trapped particle occurred inside DPF and it was referable to increase particle number concentration. As fuel injection timing was shifted BTDC 6CA to ATDC 4CA, particle number concentration level was slightly reduced, however particle number and size was increased at ATDC 9CA. Nucleation type particle reduced and accumulation type particle was increased on EGR condition.

On-chip Magnetic Sensor with Embedded High Inductance Coil for Bio-magnetic Signal Measurement (생체자기 신호측정을 위한 고인덕턴스 코일 내장형 온칩 자기센서)

  • Lyu, HyunJune;Choi, Jun Rim
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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    • v.50 no.6
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    • pp.91-98
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    • 2013
  • Magnetic sensor chip for measuring bio-magnetism is implemented in 0.18μm CMOS technology. The magnetic sensor chip consists of a small-sized high inductance coil sensor and an instrumentation amplifier (IA). High inductance coil sensor with suitable sensitivity and bandwidth for measurement of bio-magnetic signal is designed using electromagnetic field simulation. Low gm operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) using transconductance reduction techniques is designed for on-chip solution. Output signal sensitivity of magnetic sensor chip is 3.25fT/μV and reference noise of 21.1fT/Hz. Proposed IA is designed along with band pass filters(BPF) to reduce magnetic signal noise by using current feedback techniques. Proposed IA achieves a common mode rejection ratio of 117.5dB while the input noise referred is kept below 0.87μV.

A Ringing Surge Clamper Type Active Auxiliary Edge-Resonant DC Link Snubber-Assisted Three-Phase Soft-Switching Inverter using IGBT-IPM for AC Servo Driver

  • Yoshitsugu, Junji;Yoshida, Masanobu;Hiraki, Eiji;Inoue, Kenji;Ahmed, Tarek;Nakaoka, Mutsuo
    • KIEE International Transaction on Electrical Machinery and Energy Conversion Systems
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    • v.2B no.3
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    • pp.115-124
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    • 2002
  • This paper presents an active auxiliary edge-resonant DC link snubber with a ringing surge damper and a three-phase voltage source type zero voltage soft-switching inverter with the resonat snubber treated here for the AC servo motor driver applications. The operation of the active auxiliary edge-resonant DC link snubber circuit with PWM voltage is described, together with the practical design method to select its circuit parameters. The three-phase voltage source type soft-switching inverter with a single edge-resonant DC link snubber treated here is evaluated and discussed for the small-scale permanent magnet (PM) type-AC servo motor driver from an experimental point of view. In addition to these, the AC motor stator current and its motor speed response for the proposed three-phase soft-switching inverter employing Intelligent Power Module(IPM) based on IGBTS are compared with those of the conventional three-phase hard-switching inverter using IPM. The practical effectiveness of the three-phase soft-switching inverter-fed permanent magnet type AC motor speed tracking servo driver is proven on the basis of the common mode current in a novel type three-phase soft-switching inverter-fed AC motor side and the conductive noise on the mains terminal interface voltage as compared with those of the conventional three-phase hard-switching inverter-fed permanent magnet type AC servo motor driver for the speed tracking applications.

Development of a High-Performance Bipolar EEG Amplifier for CSA System (CSA 시스템을 위한 양극 뇌파증폭기의 개발)

  • 유선국;김창현;김선호;김동준
    • Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.205-212
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    • 1999
  • When we want to observe and record a patient's EEG in an operating room, the operation of electrosurgical unit(ESU) causes undesirable artifacts with high frequency and high voltage. These artifacts make the amplifiers of the conventional EEG system saturated and prevent the system from measuring the EEG signal. This paper describes a high-performance bipolar EEG amplifier for a CSA (compressed spectral array ) system with reduced ESU artifacts. The designed EEG amplifier uses a balanced filter to reduce the ESU artifacts, and isolates the power supply and the signal source of the preamplifier from the ground to cut off the current from the ESU to the amplifier ground. To cancel the common mode noise in high frequency, a high CMRR(common mode rejection ratio) diffferential amplifier is used. Since the developed bipolar EEG amplifier shows high gain, low noise, high CMRR, high input impedance, and low thermal drift, it is possible to observe and record more clean EEG signals in spite of ESU operation. Therefore the amplifier may be applicable to a high-fidelity CSA system.

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