• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.337-341
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• 2013

After it was known that an antioxidant function was associated with a reducing risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease, a large number of plant have been investigated for their antioxidant activity. However, lacking of the extensive antioxidant data in vegetables, a few natural antioxidant was used in the food industry. Therefore, this study was carried out to provide some scientific antioxidant activity data in the various vegetables. The samples (n = 275) including 24 kinds of vegetables were examined for antioxidant activity. Total Phenol Contents (TPCs) were measured colorimetric determination method using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent by gallic acid as the control group. DPPH radical scavenging activity were also investigated using calculation of $IC_{50}$(concentration of extracted needed to inhibit 50% of the DPPH radical). The contents of TPCs were $0.32{\sim}49.26{\mu}g/kg$ and DPPH radical scavenging activity ($CI_{50}$) was 0.0~2.43 mg/mL in vegetables. The best antioxidant effect was shown in Garlic for both antioxidant assay methods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.427-432
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate the effect of natural plant extracts on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and the free radical scavenging activity. The methanolic extracts of plants were tested for AChE inhibitory activity using Ellman's colorimetric method in 96-welled microplates and antioxidant activity as the scavenging effect of 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH). The results showed that AChE activities were inhibited (about 20-30%) in whole plant extract of Daucus carota var. sativa, Hypericum erectum and Fragaria yezoensis. AChE activities were inhibited (about 32-34%) in stems extract of Gingko biloba and leaves extract of Rhododendrondron yedoensa var. poukhanense. Fruit extract of Zanthoxylum schinifolium inhibited (about 18%) AChE activity. And the DPPH scavenging effects as antioxidant activity were similar to L-ascorbic acid in whole plant extract of Fragaria yezoensis and fruits extract of Comus officinalis.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.487-495
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• 2017

Background: Although flowers of Panax ginseng Meyer (FPG), Panax quinquefolius L. (FPQ), and Panax notoginseng Burk. (FPN) have been historically used as both medicine and food, each is used differently in practice. Methods: To investigate the connection between components and enhancing immunity activity of FPG, FPQ, and FPN, a method based on a rapid LC coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight MS and immunomodulatory activity study evaluated by a carbon clearance test were combined. Results: According to quantitative results, the ratio of the total content of protopanaxatiol-type ginsenosides to protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides in FPN was 0, but ranged from 1.10 to 1.32 and from 0.23 to 0.35 in FPG and FPQ, respectively. The ratio of the total content of neutral ginsenosides to the corresponding malonyl-ginsenosides in FPN ($5.52{\pm}1.33%$) was higher than FPG ($3.2{\pm}0.64%$) and FPQ ($2.39{\pm}0.57%$). The colorimetric analysis showed the content of total ginsenosides in FPQ, FPG, and FPN to be $13.75{\pm}0.60%$, $17.45{\pm}0.42%$, and $12.45{\pm}1.77%$, respectively. The carbon clearance assay indicated that the phagocytic activity of FPG and FPQ was higher than that of FPN. A clear discrimination among FPG, FPQ, and FPN was observed in the principal component analysis score plots. Seven compounds were confirmed to contribute strongly by loading plots, which may be the cause of differences in efficacy. Conclusion: This study provides basic information about the chemical and bioactive comparison of FPG, FPQ, and FPN, indicating that protopanaxtriol-type ginsenosides and malonyl-ginsenosides may play a key role in their enhancing immunity properties.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.232-239
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• 2020

This study evaluated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extracts using three parts of the chives plant: the bulb, the leaf, and the flower. As a result of DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging ability, the scavenging activity of the flower extract was higher than that of the bulb and leaf. In addition, as a result of FRAP analysis, antioxidant activity increased in all extracts depending on the extract concentration. The total polyphenol content was high in the following order: flower (11.29±0.37 mgGAE/g) > leaf (6.61±0.14 mgGAE/g) > bulb (5.7±0.67 mgGAE/g) extract. The cytotoxicity of the three extracts against rat macrophage RAW264.7 cells and HaCaT cells, both of which are human cutaneous keratinocyte cell lines, was minimal. NO by LPS was generated as a result of examining the anti-inflammatory activity of each extract through the NO colorimetric analysis method and ELISA. TNF-α secretion was decreased to a significant level in the flower ethanol extract. Therefore, these results indicate that there is a high possibility that the ethanol extract of chives, a natural plant resource, can be used as a cosmetic raw material.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.69-76
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• 1980

Mice were dosed with $HgCl_2$ (5, 10 and 20 mg per kilogram body weight) and $CdCl_2$ (10, 15 and 20 mg per kilogram body weight) by the abdominal injection. Acid phosphatase activites of the liver at 24, 48 and 72 hours following the injection were measured by the Mundry colorimetric method using disodium p-nitrophenyl phosphate as the substrate, and the following results were obtained. The enzyme activities measured were 3.47 mg Pi/ml/0.5 hr at 24 hr and 5.00mg/ml/0.5 hr at 72hr respectively following the injection of 5 mg/kg body weight of $HgCl_2$ and 6.79 mg Pi/ml0.5 hr at 24 hr and 3.47 mg Pi/ml/0.5 hr respectively following the injection of 20 mg/kg body weight of the mercury compound, as compared with the activity of 8.3 mg Pi/ml/0.5 hr for the control. With the cadmium treatment, about 50% of the animals injected with 10mg/kg body weight, and none of the animals injected with 15 and 20mg/kg body weight, survived. Of the surviving animals, the sublethal concentration of cadmium was shown to activate the enzyme: the activities at 24, 48 and 72hr following the injection were around 11.2 mg Pi/ml/0.5 hr as compared with 8.63 mg Pi/ml/0.5 hr for the control.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.1052-1058
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• 2017

Gelidium amansii shows antioxidant and anti-obesity effects; however, the effect on postprandial blood glucose levels is not known. The objective of the present study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of Gelidium amansii extract (GAE) on carbohydrate-digesting enzymes and its ability to alleviate postprandial hyperglycemia in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. Gelidium amansii was extracted with 80% ethanol and concentrated for use in this study. The ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ and ${\alpha}-amylase$ inhibition assays were performed using the colorimetric method. ICR normal and STZ-induced diabetic mice were orally administered GAE (300 mg/kg body weight) or acarbose (100 mg/kg body weight) alone or soluble starch (2 g/kg body weight). Blood samples were taken from the tail vein at 0, 30, 60 and 120 min. Our results indicated that GAE markedly inhibited ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ and ${\alpha}-amylase$ activities with $IC_{50}$ values of $0.099{\pm}0.009mg/ml$ and $0.178{\pm}0.038mg/ml$, respectively, and was a more effective inhibitor than acarbose, the positive control. Further, the postprandial blood glucose levels of STZ-induced diabetic mice in the GAE-administered group were significantly lower than those of control group mice (p<0.05). Moreover, the area under the curves (AUC) significantly decreased with GAE administration in STZ-induced diabetic mice (p<0.05). These results indicate that GAE may be effective in decreasing postprandial blood glucose levels by inhibiting carbohydrate-digesting enzymes such as ${\alpha}-amylase$ and ${\alpha}-glucosidase$. Therefore, GAE could be used as a potential functional food for alleviating postprandial hyperglycemia.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.192-198
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• 2009

This study was carried out in order to determine in vitro biocompatibility of white mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), and to compare it with that of the commonly used materials, i. e. calcium hydroxide liner (Dycal), glass ionomer cement (GIC), and Portland cement which has a similar composition of MTA. To assess the biocompatibility of each material, cytotoxicity was examined using MG-63 cells. The degree of cytotoxicity was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a colorimetric method, based on reduction of the tetrazolium salt 2,3 bis {2methoxy 4nitro 5[(sulfenylamino) carbonyl] 2H tetrazolium hydroxide} (XTT) assay. The results of SEM revealed the cells in contact with GIC, MTA. and Portland cement at 1 and 3 days were apparently healthy. In contrast, cells in the presence of Dycal appeared rounded and detached. In XTT assay, the cellular activities of the cells incubated with all the test materials except Dycal were similar, which corresponded with the SEM observation. The present study supports the view that MTA is a very biocompatible root perforation repair material. It also suggests that cellular response of Portland cement and GIC are very similar to that of MTA.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.213-226
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• 2011

This study was performed to investigate the effect of essential oils and ethanolic extracts of approximately 650 plant species on acetylcholine esterase (AChE) enzyme activity using Ellman's colorimetric method in 96-well microplates. The results showed that the ethanolic extracts from twig of Sophora subprostrata, twig of Phellodendron amurense, seed of Corylopsis coreana, and essential oil (EO) from Citrus paradisi, Cupressus sempervirens, Ocimum basilicum, Pinus sylvestris and Rosmarinus officinalis inhibited more than 80% of AChE activity. Among these, EO from Pinus sylvestris, C. sempervirens and C paradisi exhibited higher values of AChE inhibitory activity, which were 75, 84 and 99% at a concentration of 50 ug/ml, respectively. Finally, EO from C paradisi (grapefruit, GEO) showed the highest inhibitory activity towards AChE, which showed 91% of inhibition at a concentration of 20 ug/ml. We also examined the anti-dementia effects of GEO in mouse by passive avoidance test and Morris water maze test. The model mouse (male, ICR) of dementia (negative control) was induced by administration of scopolamine (1 mg/kg body weight). The latency time of sample group administrated with GEO (100 mg/kg, p.o.) increased significantly as compared with negative control on passive avoidance test. There were significant recovery from the scopolamine-induced deficits on learning and memory in water maze test through daily administrations with GEO (100 mg/kg, p.o.). From these results, we conclude that GEO treatment might enhance the cognitive function, suggesting that the EO of C. paradis may be a potential candidate for improvement of perceptive ability and dementia.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.1-14
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• 2021

Objectives We evaluated the improving effects of Taeksa-tang (TST) using 3T3-L1 cells and C57BL/6 mice were fed on a high-fat diet. Methods The anti-radical activities of TST were studied using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid). The content of total polyphenol was measured using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, whereas aluminum chloride colorimetric method was used for the content of total flavonoid. Moreover, the factors related to lipid profile and the protein expressions such as 𝛽-oxidation and anti-oxidant enzyme were analyzed using serum and western blotting of 3T3-L1 cells. Additionally, we examined lipolysis through glycerol appearance in mouse adipose tissue. Results TST treatment showed strong free radical scavenging activities with half maximal inhibitory concentration and the presence of a amount of total polyphenol and total flavonoid. TST treatment significantly increased factors related to 𝛽-oxidation such as carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 and uncoupling protein 2 via the phosphorlyation of liver kinase B1 (LKB1) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Moreover, the protein expressions of anti-oxidant enzyme and lipolysis were significantly elevated by TST administration. In addition, TST supplementation lowered serum malondialdehyde, triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels compared with the control group. Taken together, these data suggest that TST treatment regulated lipid parameters via the increase of 𝛽-oxidation by LKB1-AMPK signaling pathway. Conclusions TST may have a potential remedy in the prevention and treatment of obesity. Therefore, this study may provide the scientific basis for TST use.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.295-306
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• 2018

Schisandra chinensis (SC) and Lycium chinense (LC) were widely distributed in Asia and the fruit has been used traditionally for medicinal herbs. The processing method was solid-state fermentation using Aspergillus oryzae for 48 h after stir-frying treatment at $220^{\circ}C$ for 12 min. In this study, in vitro the anti-inflammatory effect and in vivo hangover reduction were compared to unprocessed SC and LC water extract. Anti-inflammatory effects have been evaluated in pro-inflammatory mediators which were secreted by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Nitric oxide (NO) was determined using Griess reaction. Proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$ and interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$ were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activities were compared to processed SC or LC and mixtures thereof (1:1). In vivo study was compared to hangover relief in alcohol-fed mice. After administering a mixture of SC and LC (300 mg/kg) water extract (1:1), mice were fed 3 g/kg of ethanol. Serum was collected at 1, 3, and 5 h intervals to analyze ethanol and acetaldehyde levels using a colorimetric assay kit. The processed SC and LC water extracts compared to raw materials significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO and inflammatory cytokine production in RAW 264.7 cells. The results of the hangover mouse model are also consistent with anti-inflammatory effects. These results suggest that processed SC and LC extracts may be functional materials for the treatment of inflammation and hangover.