• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.353-365
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• 2023

The effects of climate change on green infrastructure and environmental media remain uncertain and context-specific despite numerous climate projections globally. In this study, the extreme weather conditions in seven major cities in South Korea were characterized through statistical analysis of 20-year daily meteorological data extracted fro m the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). Additionally, the impacts of extreme weather on Nature-based Solutions (NbS) were determined through a comprehensive review. The results of the statistical analysis and comprehensive review revealed the studied cities are potentially vulnerable to varying extreme weather conditions, depending on geographic location, surface imperviousness, and local weather patterns. Temperature extremes were seen as potential threats to the resilience of NbS in Seoul, as both the highest maximum and lowest minimum temperatures were observed in the mentioned city. Moreover, extreme values for precipitation and maximum wind speed were observed in cities from the southern part of South Korea, particularly Busan, Ulsan, and Jeju. It was also found that extremely low temperatures induce the most impact on the resilience of NbS and environmental media. Extremely cold conditions were identified to reduce the pollutant removal efficiency of biochar, sand, gravel, and woodchip, as well as the nutrient uptake capabilities of constructed wetlands (CWs). In response to the negative impacts of extreme weather on the effectiveness of NbS, several adaptation strategies, such as the addition of shading and insulation systems, were also identified in this study. The results of this study are seen as beneficial to improving the resilience of NbS in South Korea and other locations with similar climate characteristics.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.962-973
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• 2017

Concerns about an air pollution are gradually increasing at home and abroad. The automotive and fuel researchers are trying to reduce emissions and greenhouse gases of vehicles through a research on new engine designs and innovative after-treatment systems using clean fuels (eco-alternative fuel) and fuel quality improvements. In this paper, we stduy the emission characteristics of greenhouse gases on seven vehicles using gasoline, diesel, and LPG by legal test mode in domestic and abroad.(Urban mode, Highway mode, rapidly acceleration and deceleration, using air conditioner, low temperature condition) Regardless of fuels, most of the greenhouse gases tend to show the worst results in cold FTP-75 mode. In the case of A vehicles (2.0 MPI) and B vehicles (2.4 GDI) using a gasoline fuel, the factors that increase greenhouse gases are in order of a rapidly acceleration and deceleration, using air conditioner, low temperature condition. But G vehicles(LPLi) have different emission characteristics from another vehicles. In the case of A vehicles (2.0 w/o DPF) and B vehicles (2.2 with DPF) using a diesel fuel, the factors that increase greenhouse gases are in order of a rapidly acceleration and deceleration, using air conditioner, low temperature condition. However, the factor of F vehicles are in order of low temperature condition, using air conditioner, rapidly acceleration and deceleration. In conclusion, it will be an effective method to apply different technologies of emission reduction for each fuel.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.407-428
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• 1991

The eastern coastal area having variability of climate is located within Taebaek mountain range and the east coast of Korea. It is therefore ease to cause the wind damages in paddy field during rice growing season. The wind damages to rice plant in this area were mainly caused by the Fohn wind (dry and hot wind) blowing over the Taebaek mountain range and the cold humid wind from the coast. The dry wind cause such as the white head, broken leaves, cut-leaves, dried leaves, shattering of grain, glume discolouration and lodging, On the other hand the cold humid wind derived from Ootsuku air mass in summer cause such symptom as the poor rice growth, degeneration of rachis brenches and poor ripening. To minimize the wind damages and utilize as a preparatory data for wind injury of rice in future, several experiments such as the selection of wind resistant variety to wind damage, determination of optimum transplanting date, improvement of fertilizer application methods, improvement of soils and effect of wind break net were carried out for 8 years from 1982 to 1989 in the eastern coastal area. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. According to available statisical data from Korean meteorological services (1954-1989) it is apperent that cold humid winds frequently cause damage to rice fields from August 10th to September 10th, it is therefore advisable to plan rice cultivation in such a way that the heading date should not be later than August 10th. 2. During the rice production season, two winds cause severe damage to the rice fields in eastern coastal area of Korea. One is the Fohn winds blowing over the Taebaek mountain range and the other is the cold humid wind form the coast. The frequency of occurrence of each wind was 25%. 3. To avoid damage caused by typhoon winds three different varieties of rice were planted at various areas. 4. In the eastern coastal area of Korea, the optimum ripening temperature for rice was about 22.2$^{\circ}C$ and the optimum heading date wad August 10th. The optimum transplanting time for the earily maturity variety was June 10th., medium maturity variety was May 20th and that of late maturity was May 10th by means of growing days degree (GDD) from transplanting date to heading date. 5.38% of this coastal area is sandy loamy soil while 28% is high humus soil. These soil types are very poor for rice cultivation. In this coastal area, the water table is high, the drainage is poor and the water temperature is low. The low water temperature makes it difficult for urea to dissolve, as a result rice growth was delayed, and the rice plant became sterile. But over application of urea resulted in blast disease in rice plants. It is therefore advise that Ammonium sulphate is used in this area instead of urea. 6. The low temperature of the soil inhibits activities of microorganism for phosphorus utilization so the rice plant could not easily absorb the phosphorus in the soil. Therefore phosphorus should be applied in splits from transplanting to panicle initiation rather than based application. 7. Wind damage was severe in the sandy loamy soil as compared to clay soils. With the application of silicate. compost and soil from mointain area. the sand loamy soil was improved for rice grain colour and ripening. 8. The use of wind break nets created a mocro-climate such as increased air. soil and water temperature as well as the reduction of wind velocity by 30%. This hastened rice growth, reduced white head and glume discolouration. improved rice quality and increased yield. 9. Two meter high wind break net was used around the rice experimental fields and the top of it. The material was polyethylene sheets. The optimum spacing was 0.5Cm x 0.5Cm. and that of setting up the wind break net was before panicle initiation. With this set up, the field was avoided off th cold humid wind and the Fohn. The yield in the treatment was 20% higher than the control. 10. After typhoon, paddy field was irrigated deeply and water was sprayed to reduce white head, glume discolouration, so rice yield was increased because of increasing ripening ratio and 1, 000 grain weight.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.525-529
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• 2013

As most of citrus, shiranuhi mandarin ((Citrus unshiu ${\times}$ C. sinensis) ${\times}$ C. reticulata) mainly use the trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) as its rootstock which has dwarf and cold hardness in Korea. However, recently, scion root was observed in 'Shiranuhi' mandarin tree grafted onto the trifoliate orange. This study was carried out to find out effects of scion root occurrence on the fruit quality, flowering and yield of shiranuhi mandarin. For the experiment, we selected six farmers who have outbreak of scion root in their Shiranuhi mandarin orchards and surveyed the difference of fruit quality of shiranuhi mandarin hybrid between scion root and control (trifoliate orange root). In the results, flowering was severely decreased in scion root trees compared to control. As a result of survey of 174 Shiranuhi mandarins, 160 trees were proved to be scion root, and had less flowering. Fruiting of scion root also severely dropped compared to control and thus, yields of scion root (6.4 kg) reduced by 24% compared to control (26.7 kg). The fruit size, weight and soluble solid contents of scion root were significantly reduced, but there were no differences in acid contents and coloring of fruit. From the results, we concluded that scion root had negative influence on flowering, fruit size and the yields of Shrinanuhi mandarin hybrid.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.290-298
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• 2015

Starting in 2012, severe diebacks usually accompanied by abundant gum exudation have occurred on yuzu trees in Goheung-gun, Jeonnam Province, where severely affected trees were occasionally killed. On-farm surveys were conducted at 30 randomly-selected orchards located at Pungyang-myeon, Goheung-gun, and the resulting disease incidences were 18.5% and 39.6% for dieback and gumming symptoms, respectively. Black spots on branches and leaves also appeared on infected trees showing a typical dieback symptom. Morphological and molecular identifications of the isolated fungal organisms from lesions on the symptomatic leaves and branches revealed that they are identical to Phomopsis citri, known to cause gummosis. In order to find the reason for this sudden epidemic, we investigated the weather conditions that are exclusively distinct from previous years, hypothesizing that certain weather extremes might have caused the severe induction of pre-existing disease for yuzu. There were two extreme temperature drops beyond the yuzu's cold hardiness limit right after an abnormally-warm-temperature-rise during the winter of 2011-12, which could cause severe frost damage resulting in mechanical injuries and physiological weakness to the affected trees. Furthermore, there was an increased frequency of strong wind events, seven times in 2012 compared to only a few times in the previous years, that could also lead to extensive injuries on branches. In conclusion, we estimated that the possible damages by severe frost and frequent strong wind events during 2012 could cause the yuzu trees to be vulnerable to subsequent fungal infection by providing physical entries and increasing plant susceptibility to infections.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.47-51
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• 1984

Hybrids among some southern pines, Pinus rigida, Pinus taeda and Pinus serotina, were tested in Chunbuk area in order to investigate their adaptability to Korean climate and soils. The results were summarized as follows; 1) Hybrids between P. rigida and P. raeda showed good growth among interspecific hybrids of southern pines tested. In particular, P. taeda${\times}$P. rigida showed remarkable growth in Chunbuk area. 2) The survival rate of P. taeda was extremely low, probably because of cold susceptibility. 3) Volume growth was correlated with width and length of cone, length of needle and needle sheath at the 1% level. 4) Hybrids were generally located between the parents in cluster analysis.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.29-39
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• 2006

Recently, Korea brings to remarkable levels about industrialization, modernization, population and development of technology. Especially, the rapidly growing from this technology has increased the burden on existing industrial waste landfills. The purpose of this research is to existing knowledge base of landfill cover liner behavior during periods freeze/thaw. Although these tests have been invaluable in clarifying the problem of freeze/thaw, extending the results of such experimental studies to prototype landfills are questionable. For this investigation, the author utilized a large scale laboratory simulation allowing inclusion of the field depth of the cover systems, layered soil profiles, rainfall simulation, a cold climate and boundary conditions similar to those encountered in the landfill. And the soil materials used stabilized soils (mixed clays, cements, and minerals) instead of clays. The bottom liners are made up of drainage layer (30cm), stabilized layer (75cm), and leach collection layer (60cm). The stabilized layers are made up of supporting layer (45cm) and impermeable layer (30cm) - consisted of $P_A$ and $P_B$ layer.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1863-1879
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• 2014

This study aims at classifying and interpreting on the shrine forest vegetation located in Jirisan national park affiliated to an ecotone in southern part of Korea, foreseeing a vegetation change based on composition species and dominant species on canopy, and proposing the direction of vegetation management. The shrine forests were classified into the 7 community units as Chamaecyparis obtusa-Cryptomeria japonica afforestation, Pinus densiflora community, Pinus rigida afforestation, Quercus variabilis-Quercus serrata community, Zelkova serrata-Kerria japonica for. japonica community, Phyllostachys bambusoides forest, Camellia japonica community. This research is also expatiated on the analogous results of ordination analysis with phytosociological analysis. The constituents of deciduous broad-leaved forest in the warm temperate zone were appeared in the most vegetations. It emerged less that the constituents of evergreen broad-leaved forest in the warm-temperate zone and deciduous broad-leaved forest in the cold-temperature zone. The life form analyses were made use with the two ways: appearance species in total communities and each community. The species diversity of shrine forests is declined because the high dominances of Sasa borealis and Pseudosasa japonica emerged in the shrub and herb layers. These shrine forests will be succession to Q. variabilis-Q. serrata community as the representative vegetation of deciduous broad-leaved forest in the warm-temperate zone, owing to the temperature rise by global warming, and an evergreen broad-leaved forest will be able to be also formed if a temperate rise will be continued. The one of the artificial management of shrine forests is to consider the introduction of the constituents of evergreen broad-leaved forest in the warm-temperate zone.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.56-62
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• 2017

Although most electricity production contributes to air pollution, the vehicle organizations and environmental agency categorizes all EVs as zero-emission vehicles because they produce no direct exhaust or emissions. Currently available EVs have a shorter range per charge than most conventional vehicles have per tank of gas. EVs manufacturers typically target a range of 160 km over on a fully charged battery. The energy efficiency and driving range of EVs varies substantially based on driving conditions and driving habits. Extreme outside temperatures tend to reduce range, because more energy must be used to heat or cool the cabin. High driving speeds reduce range because of the energy required to overcome increased drag. Compared with gradual acceleration, rapid acceleration reduces range. Additional devices significant inclines also reduces range. Based on these driving modes and climate conditions, this paper discusses the performance characteristics of EVs on energy efficiency and driving range. Test vehicles were divided by low / high-speed EVs. The difference of test vehicles are on the vehicle speed and size. Low-speed EVs is a denomination for battery EVs that are legally limited to roads with posted speed limits as high as 72 km/h depending on the particular laws, usually are built to have a top speed of 60 km/h, and have a maximum loaded weight of 1,400 kg. Each vehicle test was performed according to the driving modes and test temperature ($-25^{\circ}C{\sim}35^{\circ}C$). It has a great influence on fuel efficiency amd driving distance according to test temperature conditions.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.154-164
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• 2018

Purpose: Recent climate change makes weather-related disasters such as summer storms, heavy rains, winter snowfall disasters, and extreme cold temperature increase in trend. Heavy snowfall disasters requires speedy response due to various effects to traffic flows, buildings, and infrastructure. Heavy snowfall disaster response of South Korea is insufficient, even though heavy snowfall disasters affect urban safety. There have been lack of policy studies for heavy snowfall disasters. Method: This research analyzes case studies and explores implications using Information system technologies to snow removal vehicles and equipments for speedy snow removal during the heavy snowfall disasters. Results: Information system technology attachment to snow removal equipments can identify locations of snow removal vehicles and equipments for emergency period to support snow removal of adjacent jurisdictions. Conclusion: Case studies of this research can be further used for efficient application of snow removal tools of local governments.