• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2004년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.1184-1189
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• 2004

Coking process is the thermal decomposition of bituminous coal with final temperature of about $900^{\circ}C$ Because coke plays important roles in ironmaking process in a blast furnace it's essential for developing modeling of coke oven. In this study, An unsteady 2-dimesional model is proposed to simulate coking process in a coke oven. In this model, gas and solid phase are assumed homogeneous continnum and solid bed is assumed as porous media . The model contains governing equations for the solid phase and the gas phase. Complicated phenomena such as swelling, softening, resolidification and shrinkage are neglected and mass loss by drying and devolatilization is reflected by generation of internal pores. Drying, devolatilization, heat transfer and generation of internal pores are also reflected in source terms. Calulated results are compared with experimental data

• Carbon letters
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.152-161
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• 2013

Needle coke is an important material for graphite electrodes. Delayed coking is used to produce needle coke. Producing good quality needle coke is not simple because it is a multi-parameter controlled process. Apart from that, it is important to understand the mechanism responsible for the delayed coking process, which involves mesophase formation and uniaxial rearrangement. Temperature and pressure need to be optimized for the different substances in every feedstock. Saturate hydrocarbon, aromatic, resin and asphaltene compounds are the main components in the delayed coking process for a low Coefficient Thermal Expansion value. In addition, heteroatoms, such as sulphur, oxygen, nitrogen and metal impurities, must be considered for a better graphitization process that prevents the puffing effect and produces better mesophase formation.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2008

석유를 대체할 수 있는 자원 중의 하나인 오일샌드 역청의 열화학적 전환을 통해 생산된 연료유 특성을 열천칭 분석기와 중질유들의 전환 공정에 사용되는 딜레이드 코킹 반응기(600ml)를 이용하여 분석하였다. 동일한 $50^{\circ}C/min$의 승온 속도로 최종 코킹 온도를 $400{\sim}550^{\circ}C$까지 변화시킨 결과, 최종 코킹 온도가 증가할수록 코킹이 완료되는 시간과 전환률이 증가하였다. 그러나 $450^{\circ}C$이상의 온도에서는 미비하게 증가하여 코킹 운전이 적어도 $450^{\circ}C$ 이상이 되어야 함을 알 수 있었다. 딜레이드 코킹 반응기의 최대 액체 수율은 $475^{\circ}C$의 조건으로 나타났으며 코킹에 의해 생성되는 오일의 API, SIMDAS분석을 통해 경질화가 진행되어 일반적인 디젤과 비슷한 연료 특성을 가짐을 확인하였다.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한연소학회 2003년도 제27회 KOSCO SYMPOSIUM 논문집
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• pp.43-47
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• 2003

Coke oven is used in an iron-making process for producing coke through devolatilization of the coking coal. An unsteady 2-dimensional model of solid bed is proposed to simulate a coke oven. The model contains governing equations with partial differential equation forms for the solid phase and the gas phase. Drying and devolatilization of coking coal, heat transfer, and generation of internal pores in the coking coal are also reflected to the source terms. Simulation results show a reasonable trend compared with the physical data.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.479-482
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• 2008

Since late of 2000, KIER has developed a novel pyrolysis process for production of fuel oils from polymer wastes. It could have been possible due to large-scale funding of the Resource Recycling R&D Center. The target was to develop an uncatalyzed, continuous and automatic process producing oils that can be used as a fuel for small-scale industrial boilers. The process development has proceeded in three stages bench-scale unit, pilot plant and demonstration plant. As a result, the demonstration plant having capacity of 3,000 tons/year has been constructed and is currently under test operation for optimization of operation conditions. The process consisted of four parts ; feeding system, cracking reactor, refining system and others. Raw materials were pretreated via shredding and classifying to remove minerals, water, etc. There were 3 kind of products, oils(80%), gas(15%), carbonic residue(5%). The main products i.e. oils were gasoline and diesel. The calorific value of gas has been found to be about 18,000kcal/$m^3$ which is similar to petroleum gas and shows that it could be used as a process fuel. Key technologies adopted in the process are 1) Recirculation of feed for rapid melting and enhancement of fluidity for automatic control of system, 2) Tubular reactor specially-designed for heavy heat flux and prevention of coking, 3)Recirculation of heavy fraction for prevention of wax formation, and 4) continuous removal & re-reaction of sludge for high yield of main product (oil) and minimization of residue. The advantages of the process are full automation, continuous operation, no requirement of catalyst, minimization of coking and sludge problems, maximizing the product(fuel oil) yield and purity, low initial investment and operation costs and environment- friendly process. In this presentation, background of pyrolysis technology development, the details of KIER pyrolysis process flow, key technologies and the performances of the process will be discussed in detail.

• 대한용접접합학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한용접접합학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the International Welding/Joining Conference-Korea
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• pp.675-680
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• 2002

Cracking and bulging in welded and internally lined pressure vessels that work in thermal-mechanical cycling service have been well known problems in the petrochemical, power and nuclear industries. However, published literature and industry surveys show that similar problems have been occurring during the last 50 years. A better understanding of the causes of cracking and bulging causes is needed to improve the reliability of these pressure vessels. This study attempts to add information required for increasing the knowledge and fundamental understanding required. Typical examples of this problem are the coke drums in the delayed coking units refinery process. This case was selected for experimental work, field study and results comparison. Delayed coking units are among the refinery units that have higher economical yields. To shut down these units represents a high negative economical impact in refinery operations. Also, the maintenance costs associated with repairs are commonly very high. Cracking and bulging occurrences in the coke drums, most often at the weld areas, characterize the history of the operation of delayed coking units. To design and operate more robust coke drums with fewer problems, an improved metallurgical understanding of the cracking and bulging mechanisms is required. A methodology that is based field experience revision and metallurgical analyses for the screening of the most important variables, and subsequent finite element analyses to verify hypotheses and to rank the variables according to their impact on the coke drum lives has been developed. This indicated approach provides useful information for increasing coke drum reliability. The results of this work not only order the most important variables according to their impact in the life of the vessels, but also permit estimation of the life spans of coke drums. In conclusion, the current work shows that coke drums may fail as a combination of thermal fatigue and other degradation mechanisms such as: corrosion at high and low temperatures, detrimental metallurgical transformations and plastic deformation. It was also found that FEA is a very valuable tool for understanding cracking and bulging mechanisms in these services and for ranking the design, fabrication, operation and maintenance variables that affect coke drum reliability.

• 에너지공학
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.152-161
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• 1997

석탄을 건류하여 코크스를 제조 시, 사용되는 석탄의 특성에 따른 적정 노온 관리를 통해서 에너지비용을 절감할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 코크스로의 수명을 연장시킬 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 원료탄의 배합과 성상에 따른 코크스로 내의 열전달 및 온도 분포를 예측하기 위해서 Merrick의 모델을 배경으로 수학적 모델과 프로그램을 개발하였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 전산 모델을 광양 제철소의 코크스로에 적용하여 신뢰성을 확인함으로써 실제 공정의 조업 기준 설정과 기존 시설에 대한 개선 가능성을 판단할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.231-235
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• 2014

Rh doped Ni and Co catalysts, Rh-M/$CeO_2$(20 wt %)-$Al_2O_3$ (0.2 wt % of Rh; M = Ni or Co, 20 wt %) were synthesized to produce hydrogen via autothermal reforming (ATR) of commercial gasoline at $700^{\circ}C$ under the conditions of a S/C ratio of 2.0, an O/C ratio of 0.84, and a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of $20,000h^{-1}$. The Rh-Ni/$CeO_2$(20 wt %)-$Al_2O_3$ catalyst (1) exhibited excellent activities, with $H_2$ and ($H_2$+CO) yields of 2.04 and 2.58 mol/mol C, respectively. In addition, this catalyst proved to be highly stable over 100 h without catalyst deactivation, as evidenced by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) and elemental analyses. Compared to 1, Rh-Co/$CeO_2$(20 wt %)-$Al_2O_3$ catalyst (2) exhibited relatively low stability, and its activity decreased after 57 h. In line with this observation, elemental analyses confirmed that nearly no carbon species were formed at 1 while carbon deposits (10 wt %) were found at 2 following the reaction, which suggests that carbon coking is the main process for catalyst deactivation.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2008

Common methods for large scale hydrogen production, such as steam reforming and coal gasification, also involve production of carbonaceous gases. It is therefore necessary to handle process gas streams involving various mixtures of hydrocarbons, $H_2$, $H_2O$, CO and $CO_2$ at moderate to high temperatures. These gases pose a variety of corrosion threats to the alloys used in plant construction. Carbon is a particularly aggressive corrodent, leading to carburisation and, at high carbon activities, to metal dusting. The behaviour of commercial heat resisting alloys 602CA and 800, together with that of 304 stainless steel, was studied during thermal cycling in $CO/CO_2$ at $650-750^{\circ}C$, and also in $CO/H_2/H_2O$ at $680^{\circ}C$. Thermal cycling caused repeated scale separation, which accelerated chromium depletion from the alloy subsurface regions. The $CO/H_2/H_2O$ gas, with $a_C=2.9$ and $p(O_2)=5\times10^{-23}$ atm, caused relatively rapid metal dusting, accompanied by some internal carburisation. In contrast, the $CO/CO_2$ gas, with $a_C=7$ and $p(O_2)=10^{-23}-10^{-24}$ atm caused internal precipitation in all three alloys, but no dusting. Inward diffusion of oxygen led to in situ oxidation of internal carbides. The very different reaction morphologies produced by the two gas mixtures are discussed in terms of competing gas-alloy reaction steps.

• 산업기술연구
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• 제7권
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• pp.27-47
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• 1987

Fine anthracite is very difficult to upgrade by conventional processes such as gravity concentration or froth flotation, because large quantities of fine coals are generated at the mining and preparation stages and a significant portion of these fine coals are mixed with gangue minerals. This study, therefore, was carried out for the purpose of improving recovery of low ash clean coal, effective beneficiation of low-grade coking coal and removal of sulphur from high-sulphur coals by employing the method of selective agglomeration using oil or polystrene flocculants, for coals which are generally hydrophobic in nature will be extracted by using flocculants. Studies were performed by varying solid concentration, concetration of bridging liquid, mixing speed and mixing time, balling speed and balling time, dispersant dosage, flocculant dosage, pulp pH, and particle size. The results were : when the methods of the oil agglomeration and selective flocculation were employ(in the two process the sample was ground to the size of -74 micron), 1) ash content of the agglomerated coal was 9.85, 7.83%, 2) combustibel recovery of it was 98.5%, 93.5%, respectively. It was observed in selective flocculation that polystyrene is an effective flocculant for coal, De-entrapment of shale from the concentrate flocculated by mechanical agitation was necessary for substantional reductions in final ash content.