• 한국인구학
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.55-69
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• 1991

The objective of the study is to figure out the status of reproductive health and general characteristics related to maternal health for Korean-Americans living in Los Angeles. We collected data from the married women who wanted no more additional child birth and were attending the Family Planning Clinic of Koryo Health Foundation in Los Angeles during 1988. There were 494 women met the eligibility requirement for this study. The results are summarized below. 1. In the age distribution of the women who desired no more additional child birth, women 30-34 age group constituted the largest proportion at 36.6 percent ; the mean age of women was 35.1915.55. The mean number of child birth was 1.77, and the proportion of the women by number of child birth were 35.2 percent for one children, 50.1 percent for two children 10.5 percent for three children, and 2.6 percent for four children. All of the women experienced pregnancy at least once, and mean number of pregnancy was 3.42. The mean number of total experience of induced abortion was 1.56. and 76.7 percent of these women had experience with induced abortions. To prevent further pregnancies, 90.1 percent of the women were utilizing the contraceptive methods, and the highest proportion by the contraceptive methods was condoms(53.7%), 9.3 percent in spermicides, 8.7 percent in IUDs, 8.7 percent in rhythm method, and 6.9 percent in oral pills. 2. The mean age of women at each stage of reproductive life cycle were 14.74 years at time of menarche, 24.55 years at time of marriage, 26.60 years at time of the first child birth, and 28.75 years at time of the last child birth. In age distribution of the women by birth cohort (Group I : birth cohort 1940-1954, Group H : birth cohort 1955-1970), the mean menar-cheal age of the women was 14.96 years in group I , and 14.53 years in group H . Mean age at time of marriage was 25.01 years in group I and 24.08 years in group H . Mean child birth age of the women by birth cohort was 27.19 years In group I and 26.01 years in Group II for the first child birth and 30.07 years in group I and 27.45 years in group II for the last child birth. The total length of reproductive life cycle from menarche to menopause (presumed to be at 49 of age years) was 34.26 years. The len-gth of phase I (from menarche to marriage) was 9.81 years, while phase H (marriage to first birth) was 2.05 years, and phase Ill (first birth to last birth) was 2. 15 years, and the last phase of reproductive life cycle, phase IV (last birth to menopause) was 20.25 years. The proportion of each phase 10 total length of reproductive life cycle was 28.6 percent, 6.0 percent 6.3 percent, and 59.t percent respectively. In the tendency of each phase in reproductive life cycle by birth cohort (group I , U ), the length of phase I, II , III of birth cohort group II was diminished in comparison with those of birth cohort group I , but the length of phase IV was extended by 2.38 years. 3. Among the women, the mean number of total pregnancy by birth cohort group was 2.01 in group I and 1.10 in Group II, and mean number of child birth was 1.97 in group I and 1.58 in group II. In terms of pregnancy was-tage rate by birth cohort group, among the total pregnancy of birth cohort group I , 51.8 percent of the cases resulted in induced abortions or spontaneous abortions whils 48.2 percent resulted in live births, and 42.2 percent or total pregnancy in group II resulted in pregnancy wastage and 57.8 percent of the cases resulted in live births.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.130-142
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• 2017

Background: Osteoarthritis of the knee is considered to be related to knee straining activities at work. The objective of this review is to assess the exposure dose-response relation between kneeling or squatting, lifting, and climbing stairs at work, and knee osteoarthritis. Methods: We included cohort and case-control studies. For each study that reported enough data, we calculated the odds ratio (OR) per 5,000 hours of cumulative kneeling and per 100,000 kg of cumulative lifting. We pooled these incremental ORs in a random effects meta-analysis. Results: We included 15 studies (2 cohort and 13 case-control studies) of which nine assessed risks in more than two exposure categories. We considered all but one study at high risk of bias. The incremental OR per 5,000 hours of kneeling was 1.26 (95% confidence interval 1.17-1.35, 5 studies, moderate quality evidence) for a log-linear exposure dose-response model. For lifting, there was no exposure dose-response per 100,000 kg of lifetime lifting (OR 1.00, 95% confidence interval 1.00-1.01). For climbing, an exposure dose-response could not be calculated. Conclusion: There is moderate quality evidence that longer cumulative exposure to kneeling or squatting at work leads to a higher risk of osteoarthritis of the knee. For other exposure, there was no exposure dose-response or there were insufficient data to establish this. More reliable exposure measurements would increase the quality of the evidence.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.321-333
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• 2022

Objectives: Extensive evidence links low vitamin D status and comorbidities with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes, but the results of published studies are contradictory. Therefore, we investigated the association of lower levels of vitamin D and comorbidities with the risk of COVID-19 infection. Methods: We searched MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov for articles published until August 20, 2021. Sixteen eligible studies were identified (386 631 patients, of whom 181 114 were male). We included observational cohort and case-control studies that evaluated serum levels of vitamin D in COVID-19-positive and COVID-19-negative patients. Mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results: Significantly lower vitamin D levels were found in COVID-19-positive patients (MD, -1.70; 95% CI, -2.74 to -0.66; p=0.001), but with variation by study design (case-control: -4.04; 95% CI, -5.98 to -2.10; p<0.001; cohort: -0.39; 95% CI, -1.62 to 0.84; p=0.538). This relationship was more prominent in female patients (MD, -2.18; 95% CI, -4.08 to -0.28; p=0.024) than in male patients (MD, -1.74; 95% CI, -3.79 to 0.31; p=0.096). Male patients showed higher odds of having low vitamin D levels (odds ratio [OR], 2.09; 95% CI, 1.38 to 3.17; p<0.001) than female patients (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.86; p=0.477). Comorbidities showed inconsistent, but generally nonsignificant, associations with COVID-19 infection. Conclusions: Low serum vitamin-D levels were significantly associated with the risk of COVID-19 infection. This relationship was stronger in female than in male COVID-19 patients. Limited evidence was found for the relationships between comorbidities and COVID-19 infection, warranting large population-based studies to clarify these associations.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제85권2호
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• pp.101-110
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• 2022

There is a considerable number of individuals who exhibit features of both asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), defined as asthma-COPD overlap (ACO). Many studies have reported that these patients have a greater burden of symptoms, including cough and dyspnea, and experience more exacerbations and hospitalizations than those with non-ACO COPD or asthma. Although diagnostic criteria for ACO have not yet been clearly established, their clinical significance remains to be determined. As interest in ACO grows, related studies have been conducted in South Korea as well. The present review summarizes ACO-related studies in South Korea to better understand Korean ACO patients and guide further research. Several cohort studies of asthma and COPD and population-based studies for ACO were reviewed and the key results from demographics, clinical features, lung function, biomarkers, treatment, and prognosis were summarized.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.23-28
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• 2007

Objectives : Chronic infections with hepatitis B or C and alcoholic cirrhosis are three well-known major risk factors for liver cancer. Diabetes has also been suggested as a potential risk factor. However, the findings of previous studies have been controversial in terms of the causal association. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association between serum glucose levels and liver cancer development in a Korean cohort. Methods : Thirty-six liver cancer cases were identified in the Korean Multi-Center Cancer Cohort (KMCC). Baseline information on lifestyle characteristics was obtained via questionnaire. Serum glucose levels were measured at the study's enrollment. Relative risks (RRs) were estimated using a Cox proportional hazard regression model. The adjusting variables included age, gender, smoking history, alcohol consumption, body mass index, and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seropositivity. Results : The RRs of serum glucose for liver caner were 1.20 (95% CI = 0.48-2.99) for the category of 100 to 125 mg/dL of serum glucose and 2.77 (95% CI = 1.24-6.18) for the >126 mg/dL serum glucose category (both compared to the <100 mg/dL category). In a subgroup analysis, the RR of serum glucose among those who were both HBsAg seronegative and non-drinkers was 4.46 (95% CI = 1.09-18.28) for those with glucose levels >100 mg/dL. Conclusions : The results of this study suggest that a high level of serum glucose can increase liver cancer risk independently of hepatitis infection and drinking history in Koreans. This study implies that glucose intolerance may be an independent risk factor for liver cancer.

• 한국인구학
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.163-192
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• 2002

주거밀도는 개인 및 가구의 주거수준을 보여주는 중요한 질적 주거복지 지표다. 이러한 측면에서 주거밀도는 이민자들이 현지 사회로 동화 되어가는 정도를 간접적으로 보여준다. 본 연구에서는 1980년과 1990년의 PUMS(Public Use Microdata Sample)를 사용하여 미국 내의 주요 아시아 세 인종집단(한국인, 중국인, 일본인)의 과밀여부와 추이를 분석하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 1980년과 1990년 주거밀도의 나이효과와 이민효과를 분리하기 위하여 이중생잔모형(Double Cohort Method)을 사용하여 이민자들의 생애주기와 경제적 수준 변화에 따른 10년 동안의 주거밀도 변화추이를 밝혔다. 분석결과는 이민기간이 이민자들의 주거복지 수준에 가장 큰 영향을 끼치는 것으로 나타났다. 이민기간이 10-20년인 1970년대 이민자는 1970년 이전 이민자보다 과밀가구에 살 확률이 높았고 1970년 이전 이민자는 미국출생자보다 높아 현지사회의 거주기간이 중요한 요인임을 알 수 있다 한국인은 이민초기에는 과밀가구에 살 확률이 크지만 거주기간이 증가하면서 그 확률이 급격히 감소하였다. 소득수준이 높을수록, 남자에 비해 여자가 과밀가구에 살 확률이 낮게 나타났다. 과밀가구에 살 확률이 높은 경우는 자가가구에 비해 차가가구, 미국출생자에 비해 1970년대 이민자, 그리고 15-24세 집단에 비해 35-44세 집단과 45-54세 집단이었다. 주거밀도라는 측면에서 분석한 미국내 한국인의 주거복지 변천 과정은 중국인과는 비슷한 수준의 변화론 경험하고 있지만 일본인보다는 낮은 수준의 상향 이동을 경험하고 있었다. 이것은 이민 당시의 국력수준의 차이에 따른 개인의 재산축적 정도, 현지 사회에서 사용 가능한 인적자원의 차이, 그리고 미국사회 동화에 대한 문화적 차이 등이 복합적으로 작용하고 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• 사회복지연구
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.349-378
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• 2010

'생애과정 관점' 은 생애과정을 제도와 역사에 내재된 단계화된 연령구조로 인식하고, 맥락적 관점에서 개인과 집단의 생애를 이해하려는 이론적 방향이다. 독일과 미국을 중심으로 사회·역사적 변화의 맥락 속에서 생애과정을 분석하고, 생애과정에 미친 제도와 국가의 역할을 다루는 연구가 이루어졌고, 노동궤적에서 나타나는 경로와 노동성과의 차이, 생애과정에서 나타나는 불평등에 관한 연구 등에서 생애과정 관점이 적용되어 왔다. 국내에서도 다양한 분야에서 생애과정에 관한 연구가 시도되고, 결과가 축적되고 있으나 이론적 방향이나 체계로서 확립되지는 못하였다. 생애과정 관점을 적용하여 개인의 생애과정과 역사적, 사회적 변화를 접목시키는 시도로 1930~1979년 사이에 출생한 코호트의 역사적 위치를 확인하고 성인으로의 이행과정에서 나타난 변화를 추적하였다. 그 결과, 교육기간의 연장으로 인해 후속 이행의 시기와 구조에 변화가 발생하였고, 1960년대 출생코호트까지 젊은 코호트로 올수록 교육종료와 노동시장 진입, 결혼과 첫 출산이 이루어지는 시점이 지연됨과 동시에 대부분의 구성원이 압축된 연령 구간에서 이행을 완료하는 생애과정의 표준화가 이루어졌음이 확인되었다. 1970년대 출생 코호트는 이전 코호트와는 다른 이행패턴을 보이고 있으나 이행시기의 지연으로 구성원의 이행이 완료되지 않은 우측 절단이 발생하여 그 정확한 변화를 확인하지는 못하였다.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제51권9호
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• pp.494-500
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• 2013

Recently, several researches indicated the relationship between oral condition and respiratory disease such as pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Respiratory disease is known as common chronic disease in the elderly increasing mortality and morbidity. In this study, we have reviewed the association between oral disease and respiratory disease in the elderly. The related data were searched and collected from abroad and domestic studies. The studies included the randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs), longitudinal, cohort, case-control, and systematic review studies. With the data from the studies, we concluded that poor oral hygiene or periodontal disease can influence the pneumonia in the elderly. Further studies will be needed to investigate the association between oral disease and COPD.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.249-256
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• 2018

This article aims to provide a systematic review of the exposure assessment methods used to assign wafer fabrication (fab) workers in epidemiologic cohort studies of mortality from all causes and various cancers. Epidemiologic and exposure-assessment studies of silicon wafer fab operations in the semiconductor industry were collected through an extensive literature review of articles reported until 2017. The studies found various outcomes possibly linked to fab operations, but a clear association with the chemicals in the process was not found, possibly because of exposure assessment methodology. No study used a tiered assessment approach to identify similar exposure groups that incorporated manufacturing era, facility, fab environment, operation, job and level of exposure to individual hazardous agents. Further epidemiologic studies of fab workers are warranted with more refined exposure assessment methods incorporating both operation and job title and hazardous agents to examine the associations with cancer risk or mortality.

• Journal of Digestive Cancer Reports
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.89-94
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• 2013

The dramatic increase in colorectal cancer incidence in the population of East Asia indicates that diet and lifestyle play a role in colorectal cancer risk. Colorectal cancer prevention and etiologic studies have long provided dietary modification strategies for colorectal cancer prevention. In this review, we provide an overview of the epidemiologic evidence on the association between diet and colorectal cancer risk. Several cohort studies and a few intervention studies, most conducted in Western countries, have shown a possible link between red and processed meat, alcoholic beverages, calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B and the Western dietary pattern with colorectal cancer development. For colorectal cancer prevention in both Western and Asian populations, dietary modification is a key component of colorectal cancer prevention.