• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
• /
• v.36 no.1 s.140
• /
• pp.21-25
• /
• 2005

The Chinese crude drug, 'Man Sam(蔓蔘)', which is derived from the root of Codonopsis plants of the family Campanulaceae, has been used as a tonic. In China, the same crude drug derived from Codonopsis plants, called 'Dang Same(?蔘)', has been used as remedies for anorexia, fatigue, cough, etc. Although Codonopsis roots have been widely used for medicinal purposes in Korea, the botanical origin of the crude drug has never been studied pharmcognostically. To clarify the botanical origin of 'Man Sam', the root morphology and anatomy were examined for the Korean species of Codonopsis species, such as C. lanceolata (Sieb. et Zucc.) Trautv., C. pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. and C. ussuriensis (Rupr. et Maxim.) Hemsl. The study shows that 'Man Sam' is the root of Codonopsis pilosula.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
• /
• 2003.10b
• /
• pp.222.3-223
• /
• 2003

Codonopsis radix, a root of Codonopsis lanceolata (S. et Z.) Trautv., is a source of the traditional medicine and health foods. However quality control method is not established yet. This research is to establish the standard for the quality control of Codonopsis radix. From the root of this plant, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-${\beta}$-carboline -3-carboxylic acid (1) was isolated. This alkaloid was adequate as a marker compound for quality control, since it is a unique constituent of Codonopsis radix. In particular, (1) was not found in Adenophorae radix, a common adulterants of Codonopsis radix. (omitted)

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.41 no.2
• /
• pp.188-199
• /
• 1996

The native ecological environment and aromatic constituents of Korean wild Codonopsis lanceolata and one Japanese strain were investigated to find Codonopsis lanceolata strains showing high aromatics, and to know regional differences among these strains. The results were as follows : There were no remarkable differences among the Korean wild C. lanceolata strains in ecological environments. Recovery yield of essential oils was highest in Togyusan strain with 0.009%. Difference in protein band patterns among these strains was not recognized, and peroxidase and esterase pattern changes were appeared in different collected regions at the leaf and root tissues. Major aromatic constituents were 11 kinds of aliphatic alcohols such as trans-2-hexenal, 1-hexanol, cis-3-hexanol, and trans-2-hexanol. And Togyusan strain, Sobaeksan strain, and Kayasan strain have the highest aliphatic alcohols of plant essential oils. In particular, BHT(butylated hydroxytoluene), one of the antioxidants, was detected in Chirisan strains.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.44 no.1
• /
• pp.135-139
• /
• 2012

This study was designed to evaluate the physicochemical properties and biological activities of steamed and fermented Codonopsis lanceolata. The treatments included NS-NF (non-steamed and non-fermented), NS-LF (non-steamed and L. rhamnosus fermented), S-NF (steamed and non-fermented), and S-LF (steamed and L. rhamnosus fermented). Total polyphenol amounts of S-NF and S-LF were significantly increased to more than 26 mg GAE/g. The highest DPPH scavenging activities were observed for S-NF and S-LF, showing $EC_{50}$ values of 0.8 and 0.6 mg/mL, respectively. The growths of Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Shigella boydii were effectively inhibited by S-LF (MIC < 9 mg/mL). The NS-LF and S-LF ($EC_{50}$ <6 mg/mL) effectively inhibited ${\alpha}$-Glucosidase and tyrosinase activities compared to NS-NF ($EC_{50}$ <17 mg/mL). The S-LF exhibited the highest acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity ($IC_{50}$ <32 mg/mL). Therefore, the results suggest that the application of the steaming process combined with probiotic fermentation can effectively enhance the biological and pharmacological activities in C. lanceolata.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.39 no.11
• /
• pp.1691-1694
• /
• 2010

In the present study, we assessed whether the extracts of Codonopsis lanceolata and fermented C. lanceolata posses the cognition-enhancing effect in rats with impaired learning and memory by scopolamine treatment (1 mg/kg, i.p.), an antagonist of muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor. The fermented C. lanceolata extract (333, 667 mg/kg) significantly reversed the scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in the passive avoidance test (p<0.05). Moreover, fermented C. lanceolata extract (333 mg/kg) also improved escape latencies in training trials of Morris water maze test (p<0.05). The water extract of fermented C. lanceolata showed significant anti-amnestic and cognitive-enhancing activities related to the memory processes, and these activities were parallel to treatment duration and dependent of the learning models.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.238-244
• /
• 2012

In general, stepwise hot steaming process is known to be effective in improving its biological activities; however, not much employed in processing Codonopsis lanceolata due to its hardness. In this study, C. lanceolata was first pretreated with warm water at $50^{\circ}C$ and $60^{\circ}C$ for two hours, then steamed for 3 hours. Antioxidant activities of 70% ethanol extracts were compared with the extract from the water solvent: 41.58% vs 8.98% of DPPH radical scavenging activity in adding $1.25mg/m{\ell}$ of steamed extract and water extract, respectively. Reducing power of steamed and fresh C. lanceolata were also measured as 1.39 and 0.71. Total poly phenolic of the steamed extract was estimated as 12.11mg/g, compared to 3.98mg/g fresh C. lanceolata. Total flavonoid contents were also obtained as 11.48mg/g, compared to 7.11mg/g of fresh C. lanceolata. In comparing phenolic acids profiles in the extract, in general higher amounts of gallic acid, trans-ferulic acid, vanillic acid were obtained possibly by easy release of active components during thermal processing, which results in better antioxidant activities than that of water extract. This findings can also be supported by result that the ethanol extract showed better activities than the water extract.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.39 no.12
• /
• pp.1898-1902
• /
• 2010

This study was designed to evaluate antioxidant activity of low-quality Codonopsis lanceolata treated by fermentation process followed by hydraulic high pressure extraction. C. lanceolata was subjected to 5,000 bar for 30 min at $25^{\circ}C$. The highest phenolics content was observed in the combined treatment of fermentation and high pressure extraction (35.11 mg/100 g), followed by high pressure extraction alone (14.78 mg/100 g) and conventional extraction (14.56 mg/100 g). The content of flavonoids followed the similar pattern as that of total phenolics, showing 280.86 mg/100 g of C. lanceolata treated by the combined fermentation with high pressure extraction whereas 193.05 mg/100 g of C. lanceolata treated by the conventional extraction. The DPPH scavenging activity was 69.32% at 0.6 mg/mL of C. lanceolata treated by the combined process, while the DPPH scavenging activities of C. lanceolata treated by high pressure extraction alone and the conventional extraction were 60.35% and 30.92%, respectively. The highest reducing power of C. lanceolata extract (1.0 mg/mL) was observed at the combined treatment (0.926), followed by high pressure extraction alone (0.881) and the conventional extraction (0.733). The combination of fermentation with high pressure extraction significantly increased the contents of phenolics and flavonoids and also enhanced the antioxidant activity. Therefore, the combined application of fermentation and high pressure extraction can be an alternative technique for the extraction of C. lanceolata. These results provide useful information for enhancing biological properties of low-quality C. lanceolata.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.87-93
• /
• 1987

The mutagenic activities of the pyrolyzates (300, 600, 750 and 85$0^{\circ}C$ ) of extracts from three saponeous expectorants (Platicodi Radix, Polygalae Radix and Asiasari Radix) and two nonalkaloidal antitussives (Lirionis Tuber and Codonopsis lanceolata Radix), medicinal plants, were studied in the Ames Salmonella/microsomes test system. The pyrolysates of Codonopsis lanceolata Radix and Asiasari Radix extracts at 85$0^{\circ}C$ were slightly mutagenic to tester strain TA98( frame shift ) and TA100(base-pair substitution) of Salmonella typhimurium, and the mutagens in these pyrolyzates required the metabolic activation by a liver microsomal fraction However, the extracts and pyrolyzates of all medicinal plants tasted except the above two results dud not show the significant increase in revertant colonies.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.258-264
• /
• 1997

The introduction of molecular biology methodologies to plant improvement programs offers an invaluable opportunity for extensive germplasm characterization. We have applied the developed technique of random amplification of polymorphic DNA(RAPD)to the analysis of evaluating genetic diversity among Korean wild Codonopsis lanceolata. A total of 340 polymorpic hands were gernerated on agarose- and polyacrylamide-gel by 19 primers of abitrary sequence. grouped by cluster analysis using sample matching coefficients of similarity. Among of the samples. the minimum genetic distance value was obtained between sample no. 1(Girisan) and no. 2(Girisan), and the largest value between sample no. 11(Sulaksan) and no. 17(Sulaksan).In separate cluster dendrograms based on agareose - and polyacryamide-gel. some differences were observed; In the case of agarose gel,41 samples could be devided into 7 groups at below about 0.44 level of distance. However they were divided into 6 gourps at below about 0.40 level of distance in the case of polyacrylamide gel. These results showed that polymophic data in agrose were not grouped to wild plant selected from each mountainous district except for wild plants selected from Sulaksan and Chiaksan. We believe that polyacrylamide-RAPD is a superior method for detecting DNA polymorphism compared to agarose-RAPD method.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
• /
• 1995.10a
• /
• pp.38-39
• /
• 1995