• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.79-85
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• 2010

To examine the effect of Codium fragile on blood cholesterol and lipid metabolism, hyperlipidemia was induced in experimental animal rats through the administration of a hypercholesterolemic diet. Codium fragile powder was then administered to the rats for 5 weeks, after which, blood biochemical changes such as blood cholesterol, Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST: serum SGOT) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT: serum SGPT) enzyme activity, etc. were determined. And histological changes in liver cells were examined using an electron microscope. Codium fragile treatment resulted in a significant reduction of the levels of total cholesterol, blood triglyceride and low-density cholesterol (LDL. Chol) compared to the control rats. In contrast the expression levels of high-density cholesterol (HDL. chol.) were increased. The AST value of the Codium fragile administration group was significantly reduced and the blood ALT value of the Codium fragile group showed a significant decrease in comparison to the negative control group. In summary, this study demonstrated the beneficial possibilities of Codium fragile in improving the abnormality of lipid metabolism caused by liver cell damage and hyperlipidemia.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.602-605
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• 2006

Effects of Codium fragile ext. on lipid lowering and antioxidant activities were investigated in hyperlipidemic rat. Concentration of FFA and triglyceride in plasma showed a tendency to decrease in Codium fragile ext. groups. Concentration of plasma total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in Codium fragile ext. groupsshowed a low values than those of control group. However concentration of HDL-cholesterol showed no significant difference in all treatment groups. Concentration of liver total cholesterol and triglyceride showed a tendence to decrease in Codium fragile ext. groups. Concentration of plasma and liver TBARS showed a low values in Codium fragile ext. groups. The values of GSH-Px activity showed a tendency to increase in the Codium fragile ext. groups, However the values of SOD and CAT activity showed no significant difference in all treatment groups.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.341-346
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• 2011

This work is focused on the possibility of marine biomass Codium fragile as renewable resources for production of levulinic acid. In an effort to optimize the reaction conditions of levulinic acid production from Codium fragile, response surface methodology was applied. A total of 18 individual experiments were designed to investigate the effect of reaction temperature, catalyst amount, and reaction time. As a result, 4.26 g/L levulinic acid from Codium fragile was produced in the condition of $160.7^{\circ}C$ of reaction temperature, 3.9% of sulfuric acid, and 39.1 min of reaction time. This result will provide the useful information for chemical production from marine resource.

• ALGAE
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 2016

The Mediterranean Sea is currently facing dramatic changes and threats, including change in native species and accidental introductions. The introduced green alga Codium fragile subsp. fragile (Suringar) Hariot influences diversity and community structure in some parts of the world. This paper documents the distribution of this species in Tunisia and provides a morphological description of C. fragile subsp. fragile in Northern Tunisia. Results confirm the identity of Tunisian specimens as the invasive subspecies C. fragile subsp. fragile. This is the first morphological characterization of this subspecies in Tunisia.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.321-325
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• 1989

There has been a continuing interest in the sterols and sterodis of marine organisms. The most exciting results of recent studies have been the characterization of a host of novel sterols, many with unique alkylation patterns in the side chain, but some with modified ring structures. The isolation and characterization of three sterols from the Korean alga codium fragile are presented. The major sterol was (24S)-24-ethylcholesta-5,25-dien-3${\beta}$-ol (clerosterol) and two minors are codisterodl and cholesterol.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.61-68
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• 2018

Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot is an edible green seaweed that belong to the Codiaceae family and has been used in Oriental medicine for the treatment of enterobiasis, dropsy, and dysuria. Methanol extract of codium fragile has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties, although the anti-cancer effect on oral cancer has not yet been reported. In this study, we investigated the anti-cancer activity and the mechanism of cell death by methanol extracts of Codium fragile (MeCF) on human FaDu hypopharyngeal squamous carcinoma cells. Our data showed that MeCF inhibits cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, and markedly induced apoptosis, as determined by the MTT assay, Live/Dead assay, and DAPI stain. In addition, MeCF induced the proteolytic cleavage of procaspase -3, -7, -9 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase(PARP), and upregulated or downregulated the expression of mitochondrial-apoptosis factor, Bax(pro-apoptotic factor), and Bcl-2(anti-apoptotic factor). Futhermore, MeCF induced a cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase through suppressing the expression of the cell cycle cascade proteins, p21, CDK4, CyclinD1, and phospho-Rb. Taken together, these results indicated that MeCF inhibits cell growth, and this inhibition is mediated by caspase- and mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathways through cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase in human FaDu hypopharyngeal squamous carcinoma cells. Therefore, methanol extracts of Codium fragile can be provided as a novel chemotherapeutic drug due to its growth inhibition effects and induction of apoptosis in human oral cancer cells.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.467-472
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• 2019

Seaweeds are rich in in minerals, vitamins, proteins, and fiber, and are classified as green algae, and they are distributed on the coasts of Korea, East Asia, Oceania, etc. and are used as a health function material as well as food ingredients in our countries and countries. In this study, Codium fragile was extracted from ethanol and concentrated to confirm DPPH radical scavenging activity, SOD activity, FRAP and ABTS cation radical scavenging ability. As a result, DPPH scavenging activity was 0.83, 22.83, 38.27, 40.93, 45.60% at 6.25, 12.50, 25, 50 and $100{\mu}g/mL$, SOD-like activity were 23.13, 33.63, 33.93, 44.07 and 59.07%. FRAP and ABTS showed antioxidant activity in a concentration-dependent manner, as in the previous experiment. Therefore, this study confirmed that it can be used as a cosmetic material using Codium fragile, a natural material.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.816-822
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• 2020

This study investigated the antioxidant activity and general and sensory properties of soybean curd supplemented with Codium fragile. The yield of soybean curd containing 0%, 20%, and 40% C. fragile was 113.62, 104.09, and 108.06, respectively. Antioxidant activities and pH were significantly increased (P<0.05) depending on the amount of C. fragile supplemented in soybean curd. Compared to that in additive-free soybean curd (control), the amount of crude ash and protein in soybean curd containing 40% C. fragile was significantly decreased (P<0.05) and increased (P<0.05), respectively. We observed a dose-dependent increase (P<0.05) in the hardness and chewiness of soybean curd concomitant with the amount of C. fragile supplemented. In contrast, we observed no significant difference (P>0.05) in soybean curd's cohesiveness between the groups. As determined by sensory evaluation based on seven-point hedonic scale, soybean curd supplemented with 20% C. fragile received an excellent score (6.55) for color. As the same method, we observed that the flavor and overall acceptability significantly increased (P<0.05) in the C. fragile content increased. Taken together, the antioxidant and sensory assays in our study make a compelling case for the practical development of soybean curd supplemented with C. fragile owing to its good antioxidant activities, general properties, and consumer acceptance.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.788-793
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the biological effects from Codium fragile. Methanol extract of Codium fragile increased two times at 2500 ㎍/ml the growth of Lactobacillus plantarum that associated with probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria of Kimchi. Ethyl acetate extract of Codium fragile inhibited the cellulase activity up to approximately 60% at $2500\;{\mu}g/ml$. Methanol extract of Codium fragile was fractionated into several subfractions and their antioxidant activities were measured by using DPPH radical scavenging and SOD-like activity. Especially the antioxidative activity of ethyl acetate fraction was shown higher than that of other fractions and its fraction showed higher contents of total phenolic compounds, indicating the positive relationship between DPPH radical scavenging effect and total polyphenol content. Stimulation of the macrophages RAW264.7 cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in increased production of nitric oxide (NO) in the medium. However, the methanol extract of Codium fragile showed marked inhibition of NO synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. This result suggest that Codium fragile plays significant role for activation of immune system in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.393-398
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• 2005

Codium fragile is commercially farmed in Korea by natural blooming zygote attachment. Experiments found optimum conditions for artificial seed production and nursery culture of C. fragile by asexual reproduction. Isolated utricles and medullary filaments were regenerated to erect thalli using both indoor and outdoor culture experiments. Under the indoor culture conditions, irradiance was an important factor to control the development of erect thalli. Formation of erect thallus from the isolated medullary filaments in the indoor culture was induced after 30 days under $20^{\circ}C$ and $60{\mu}mol/m^2/sec$. The detachment of isolated utricles and medullary filaments from the substrates of seed strings was reduced by exposure to the air during 2 hrs before the indoor culture of seed strings. The maximum growth and development of erect thalli in the nursery culture was induced at a water depth of 0.5 m. Depending on the substrates of the seed strings the growth of erect thalli was not significantly different (p>0.05).