• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.3-15
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• 2014

An articulatory study (using an Electromagnetic Articulography, EMA) was conducted to explore effects of prosodic boundary strength (Intonational Phrase/IP versus Word/Wd), and focus (Focused/accented, Neutral, Unfocused/unaccented) on the kinematic realization of /m/ in the coda (${\ldots}$am#i${\ldots}$) and the onset (${\ldots}$a#mi${\ldots}$) conditions in Korean. (Here # refers to a prosodic boundary such as an IP or a Wd boundary). Several important points have emerged. First, the boundary effect on /m/s was most robustly observed in the temporal dimension in both the coda (IP-final) and the onset (IP-initial) conditions, generally in line with cross-linguistically observable boundary-related lengthening patterns. Crucially, however, in contrast with boundary-related slowing-down effects that have been observed in English, both the IP-final and IP-initial temporal expansions of Korean /m/s were not accompanied by an articulatory slowing down. They were, if anything, associated with a faster movement in the lip opening (release) phase (into the vowel). This suggests that the mechanisms underlying boundary-related temporal expansions may differ between languages. Second, observed boundary-induced strengthening effects (both spatial and temporal expansions, especially on the IP-initial /m/s) were remarkably similar to prominence (focus)-induced strengthening effects, which is again counter to phrase-initial strengthening patterns observed in English in which boundary effects are dissociated from prominent effects. This suggests that initial syllables in Korean may be a common focus for both boundary and prominence marking. These results, taken together, imply that the boundary-induced strengthening in Korean is different in nature from that in English, each being modulated by the individual language's prosodic system. Third, the coda and the onset /m/s were found to be produced in a subtly but significantly different way even in a Wd boundary condition, a potentially neutralizing (resyllabification) context. This suggests that although the coda may be phonologically 'resyllabified' into the following syllable in a phrase-medial position, its underlying syllable affiliation is kinematically distinguished from the onset.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.45-53
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• 2015

The current study investigated CVCC syllables in spontaneous American English speech to find out whether such syllables are produced as phonological units with a string of segments, showing a hierarchical structure. Transcribed data from the Buckeye Speech Corpus was used for the analysis in this study. The result of the current study showed that the constituents within a CVCC syllable as a phonological unit may have phonetic variations (namely, the final coda may undergo deletion). First, voiceless alveolar stops were the most frequently deleted when they occurred as the second final coda consonants of a CVCC syllable; this deletion may be an intermediate process on the way from the abstract form CVCC (with the rime VCC) to the actual pronunciation CVC (with the rime VC), a production strategy employed by some individual speakers. Second, in the internal structure of the rime, the proportion of deletion of the final coda consonant depended on the frequency of the word rather than on the position of postvocalic consonants on the sonority hierarchy. Finally, the segment following the consonant cluster proved to have an effect on the reduction of that cluster; more precisely, the following contrast was observed between obstruents and non-obstruents, reflecting the effect of sonority: when the segment following the consonant cluster was an obstruent, the proportion of deletion of the final coda consonant was increased. Among these results, the effect of word frequency played a critical role for promoting the deletion of the second coda consonant for clusters in CVCC syllables in spontaneous speech. The current study implies that the structure of syllables as phonological units can vary depending on individual speakers' lexical representation.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.19-32
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• 2009

In this paper, we design thin-client framework capable of application sharing & data access on the Internet, and apply related skills, such as X windows system, pseudo server, CODA file system, MPI(Message Passing Interface). We suggest a framework for the thin client to access data produced by working on a server optimally as well as to run server side application, even in the case of network down. Additionally, it needed to reflect all local computing changes to remote server when network is restored. To design thin client framework with these characteristics, in this paper, we apply distributed pseudo server and CODA file system to our framework, also utilize MPI for the purpose of more efficient computing & management. It allows for implementation of network independent computing environment of thin client, also provide scalable application service to numerous user through the elimination of bottleneck on caused by server overload. In this paper, we discuss the implementing method of thin client framework in detail.

• Proceedings of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea Conference
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• 2002.03a
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• pp.51-58
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• 2002

The relative site amplification factors in southern Korea were determined from coda waves using coda normalization method. The seismograms of 15 events at 79 stations were used in this study. Seismogram envelopes were obtained by the Hilbert transform of bandpass-filtered velocity seismograms with frequency bands at 1-2Hz, 2-4Hz, 4-8Hz, 8-l6Hz and 16-32Hz. The envelopes were stabilized by application of moving-average scheme with time window of 1 second. The relative amplitudes of seismogram envelope were computed by dividing the amplitude of seismogram envelope at one site by the amplitude of seismogram envelope at reference site. The relative site amplification factors were obtained by taking averages of the relative amplitude. Values of relative site amplification factors in southern Korea are generally low in western area and high in eastern area.

• MALSORI
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• no.49
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• pp.1-30
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• 2004

Although Standard Korean is based on Seoul Korean, the phonetic realization of syllable codas in Seoul Korean has not been satisfactorily investigated. This paper aims to study how Seoul speakers pronounce syllable codas in certain phonetic contexts and what pronunciation they prefer among variants. It is noted that the realization of a syllable coda is different word by word and generation by generation. It is also noted that the syllable coda of a word is realized differently depending on the following vowel. And we discussed how the Principles of Standard Korean Pronunciation should be revised in the future, based on the results of this study.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.06a
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• pp.497-500
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• 2007

탄성파 코다 파는 두 수진기에서 기록된 탄성파 자료의 상호상관으로부터 두 신호에 대한 순간응답을 구하고 이로부터 지층정보를 구하는데 이용된다. 여기에서는 인공합성 탄성파 자료와 가스 하이드레이트 현장자료에 적용하여 상호상관 모음도와 가상음원 모음도 (virtual source)를 구하고자 하였다. 인공합성자료는 해저면 탄성파 탐사법 (ocean bottom seismic)을 모델로 이용하여 인공합성 탄성파 단면도를 제작하였으며, 탄성파 코다 파를 살펴보기 위해 인공 OBS 자료 중 첫 번째 트레이스를 가상음원으로 정하고 모든 음원 모음도와 상호상관으로 가상응원 단면도를 제작하였다. 현장자료 적용으로는 해저면 기인 고진폭 반사파인 BSR (bottom simulating reflection)을 포함하고 있는 자료를 선정하여 상호상관 단면도와 가상음원 단면도를 제작하였다. 중합단면도상에 나타난 가스 분출지역은 상호상관 단면도에서도 나타났으며, 중합단면도상 BSR부분은 vs 단면도에서 강한 반사파를 보여줌을 알 수 있었다.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.88-88
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• 2000

As more and more critical commercial applications move on the Internet, providing highly available servers becomes increasingly important. One of the advantages of a clustered system is that it has hardware and software redundancy. High availability can be provided by detecting node or daemon failure and reconfiguring the system appropriately so that the workload can be taken over bi the remaining nodes in the cluster. This paper presents how to provide the guaranteeing high availability of clustering web server. The load balancer becomes a single failure point of the whole system. In order to prevent the failure of the load balancer, we setup a backup server using heartbeat, fake, mon, and checkpointing fault-tolerance method. For high availability of file servers in the cluster, we setup coda file system. Coda is a advanced network fault-tolerance distributed file system.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.19-33
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• 2006

This study explores whether Russian, known to have a process of syllable-final devoicing, reveals differences in vowel duration as a function of the underlying voicing of the coda stop. This paper also examines whether non-native speakers of Russian and English learn typical L2 values in vowel duration. The results indicate that vowels in Russian have a slightly longer mean duration before a voiced stop than before a voiceless stop (a mean difference of 9.52 ms), but in most cases the differences did not exhibit statistical significance. In English the mean difference was 60.05 ms, and the differences were in most cases statistically significant. All native Russian speakers of English produced larger absolute differences in vowel duration for English than for Russian, and all native English speakers of Russian produced smaller absolute differences for Russian than for English. More experienced learners seemed to achieve more native-like values of vowel duration than less experienced learners did, suggesting that learning occurs gradually as the learners gain more experience with the L2.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.500-511
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• 2001

For the southeastern Korea aound the Yangsan fault we measured Q$_P^{-1}$ and Q$_S^{-1}$ simultaneously by using the extended coda-normalization method for seismograms registered at 9 stations deployed by KIGAM. We analyzed 707 seismograms of local earthquakes that occurred between December 1994 and February 2000. From seismograms, bandpass filtered traces were made by applying Butterworth filter with frequency-bands of 1${\sim}$2, 2${\sim}$4, 4${\sim}$8, 8${\sim}$16 and 16${\sim}$32 Hz. Estimated Q$_P^{-1}$ and Q$_S^{-1}$ values decrease from (7${\pm}$2)${\times}$10$^{-3}$ and (5${\pm}$4)${\times}$10$^{-4}$ at 1.5 Hz to (5${\pm}$4)${\times}$10$^{-3}$ and (5${\pm}$2)${\times}$10$^{-4}$ at 24 Hz, respectively. By fitting a power-law frequency dependent to estimated values over the whole stations, we obtained 0.009 (${\pm}$0.003)f$^{-1.05({\pm}0.14)$ for Q$_P^{-1}$ and 0.004 (${\pm}$0.001)f$^{-0.75({\pm}0.14)$) for Q$_S^{-1}$, where f is frequency in Hz.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.482-487
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• 1996

Korean fortis consonant is not included in the consonantal inventory, but a result of phonetic implementation at the phonetic level, P. With the framework of Cognitive Phonology, a construction of Post Obstruent Tensification is proposed in such a way that rule-ordering is eliminated. This enables us to overcome methodological problems raised in former analyses of fortis under geminate hypothesis, and give a uniform account for three categories of fortis consonants. By assuming extrasyllabicity of verb-stem-final, consonant neutralization of fortis in the coda position is explained by the invisibility at the P-level. and, therefore. modification of Coda Neutralization rule is called for.