• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.476-482
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• 2013

This study aims to enhance the effectivity of VTS(Vessel Traffic Service) control by investigating the minimum safe distance between vessel and vessel, vessel and land(obstacle) for the vessel's safe navigation within the VTS control area. In addition, to suggest basic data for the safe navigation, this study has done survey and analysis to each VTS center, and individual on the minimum safe distance to VTS operators of each ports of korea. Through ocean voyage by training ship, Singapore and Malacca strait's congested vessel traffic zone's control distance was compared and investigated the difference on safe distance by the different VTS operators. As a result, there was huge difference of minimum safe distance between the VTS operators belong to the same center. Over all, the port with gentle coastline, like donghae, the safe distance was wider than the other port. On the other hand, port with complex coastline and frequent entry and departure of the vessel, like mokpo, the safe distance was the shortest of all. Therefore, development of module suitable to port's natural conditions and traffic volume's necessity is required, for the operators affiliated to the same VTS center control according to formal method. Lastly, the full discussion by the expert group about establishment of standard control procedure in the future should be considered as well.

• Acta Via Serica
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.49-72
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• 2018

The extensive maritime trade network between the Harappan and Mesopotamian civilizations as early as the $3^{rd}$ millennium BCE is a testimony to the long maritime trade history of India. From the dawn of the historical epoch, the maritime trade network of India expanded extensively. The findings of a large number of coins, pottery, amphorae and other materials from Italy and various other European countries, west Asia, China, Korea, Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia and Far-East countries in India, particularly in the coastal regions, are a testimony to the dynamic maritime trade of India with other countries in the early period. Similarly, pottery, sculptures, inscriptions and other materials of Indian origin are also found in those countries. The depiction of different types of ships on the coins, paintings, sculptures, seals and sealing, exhibit the variety of vessels used for navigation and other purposes in the early period. The over 7500 km-long coastline of India is well known for its seaports located at river mouths or outlets to the sea. The Periplus Maris Erythraei, Ptolemy, and Indian literary sources mention many seaports on the western coast of India. Interestingly, archaeological investigations in many of these port towns have yielded material evidence exhibiting their dominant role in transoceanic trade and commerce with many countries in the early period. This paper discusses in detail all the major ancient seaports on the western coast of India and their maritime trade activities. At the outset, the paper briefly deals with the Harappan's maritime network, their seaports and the type of ships of that period. Following this, the maritime trade network of India during the historical period with various countries in the east and west, the traces of Indian influence and materials abroad and foreign materials found in India, the products exported from India, the trade winds and navigational devices and the depiction of ships on the coins, paintings, and sculptures of the period are discussed in detail. After briefly highlighting the coastline of India and its favourable nature for safe anchorage of ships and the strategic position of the seaports of western India, an extensive account of the major ancient seaports of western India like Barygaza, Ashtacampra, Gundigar, Kammoni, Khambhat, Bardaxema, Suparaka, Calliena, Semylla, Sanjan, Naura, Tyndis, Muziris, Nelcynda and other seaports, and their maritime trade activities are given based on archaeological excavations and explorations, literature, epigraphy, foreign accounts, and numismatic evidence.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.511-521
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• 2002

Coastal sand dunes in West coast of Korea are under stress. Due to the newly constructed Seohaean(West Coast) Highways, the number of visitors and the anthropogenic pressures will keep rising in near future. Sea level rise due to the global warming may cause a lot of damage to the natural resources and residents of coastal area. Therefore, many countries including United States are doing nationwide coastline survey using highly sophisticated methodology. In this study, high resolution IKONOS satellite images along with aerial photographs taken since 1960's have been sequentially analyzed using GIS software (Erdas Imagine 8.3). Onsite monitoring has been performed at the 31 measuring points in 10 beaches since the May of 2001 in order to measure the sand budget. Post-construction monitoring after installation of sand fences is also being done on sites regularly. Restoration works seem to be effective at this moment.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.259-264
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• 2006

In MT and GDS survey for probing the deep structure of the Earth, surrounding seas play a critical role to distort the response of in-land geological structure. This study analyzed the sea effect in the Korean Peninsula and investigated the spatial and frequency dependency of it using 2-D MT modeling. Due to conductance difference between the Yellow Sea and the East Sea, the effect of each sea shows the dependence on frequency and spatial distance from each coastline. In general, TM mode responses are more severely affected by surrounding sea than TE mode one and the differences between 1-D model and TM mode responses are in inverse proportion to the frequency. Assuming that the lowest limit of acquired frequency is 0.001Hz for the given 1-D structure, the separation distance, where the sea effect can be negligible, is approximately 100km for the East Sea and 40-50km for the Yellow Sea, respectively. But, this separation distance is a function of the 1-D electrical structure of subsurface and the used frequency.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.113-122
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• 2017

Natural disasters caused by climate change are increasing globally. There are few studies on the quantitative analysis methods for predicting damages in the island area due to sea level rise. Therefore, it is necessary to study the damage prediction analysis method using the GIS which can quantitatively analyze. In this paper, we analyze the cause and status of sea level rise, quantify the vulnerability index, establish an integrated terrestrial modeling method of the ocean and land, and establish a method of analyzing the damage area and damage scale due to sea level rise using GIS and the method of making the damage prediction figure was studied. In order to extract the other affected areas to sea level rise are apart of the terrain model is generated by one requires a terrain modeling of target areas are offshore and vertical reference system differences in land, found the need for correction by a tidal observations and geoid model there was. Grading of terrain, coastline erosion rate, coastal slope, sea level rise rate, and even average by vulnerable factors due to sea level rise indicates that quantitative damage prediction is possible due to sea level rise in the island area. In the case of vulnerable areas extracted by GIS, residential areas and living areas are concentrated on the coastal area due to the nature of the book area, and field survey shows that coastal changes and erosion are caused by sea level rise or tsunami.

• Acta Via Serica
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.91-116
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• 2021

India has had a rich and diverse textile tradition since the 3rd millennium BCE. The origin of Indian textiles can be traced back to the Harappan period. Owing to the hot and humid climate in most parts of India, cotton has remained India's favourite choice of fabric for normal use. Thus, India is supposed to be the first nation to have grown, woven, and patterned cotton fabrics. Moreover, India is one of the leading cotton-growing countries in the world. The earliest occurrence of cotton thread in India is roughly datable to 4000 BCE and of dyed fabrics to about 2500 BCE. Large numbers of needles and spindle-whorls found in Harappa and other early historic sites in India reveal the prosperous state of textile production and its trade in the early period. The textile producers used a wide range of skills to process raw materials and make regionally idiosyncratic dyes, weaves, prints, and embroideries. Additionally, the silk from wild indigenous forms of silkworms was known in the Indian sub-continent roughly contemporary with the earliest clear archaeological evidence for silk in China. The analysis of thread fragments found inside a copper bangle and ornament from Harappa and steatite beads from Chanhu-daro, have yielded silk fibers dating to 2500-2000 BCE. Apart from other products, cotton and silk textiles were important export materials from India right from the Harappan period. Actually, the sea-borne trade had played an important role in the economic growth and prosperity of the Harappan civilization. Several ancient seaports in the entire coastline of India played a vital role in the maritime trade during the Harappan period and cotton and silk textiles of Indian origin have been found in various countries. The contemporary writings and epigraphy have also attested to the vast maritime trade network of India and the export of textile materials. The paper discusses in detail the origin and development of cotton and silk textile production in India through the ages and its role in maritime trade networks.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 2011

Seabird distribution in the East Sea was studied from April to May 2007 using line transect counts. We observed a total of 1,379 individuals of 23 species including 14 species of seabird. The overall seabird sighting rate was 2.5 birds $km^{-2}$. The Streaked shearwater(Calonectris leucomelas)(74.5%) was the numerically dominant species. Ancient murrelets(Synthliboramphus antiquus)(8.3%), red-throated divers(Gavia stellata)(5.0%), common terns(Sterna hirundo)(2.1%), Pacific divers(Gavia pacifica)(2.0%), and black-tailed gulls (Larus crassirostris)(1.1%) were also frequently observed. The sightings of seabirds was highest between $36^{\circ}N$ and $37^{\circ}N$ of the coastal area of the Korean peninsular. However, the index of species diversity(H') was higher between $35^{\circ}N$ and $36^{\circ}N$. The sighting rates of most observed species decreased with distance from the coastline. The distribution patterns of Streaked shearwater were linked to the variation in the distribution pattern of minke whales(Balaenoptera acutorostrata). Also, spatial segregation was found in the distributions of the two species of divers(Gavia spp.).

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.383-392
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• 2014

In this study, we investigated the Fukiage sand dunes of southern Kyushu, Japan. We surveyed the status of recovery of coastal Japanese black pine forests damaged by pine wilt disease and their disaster prevention capability. We placed two transects: Transect 1, in an area that was severely damaged (80-90% damage rate) by pine wilt disease, and Transect 2, in an area that was mostly undamaged (<10% damage rate). Then, we installed survey lines, carried out vegetation surveys, and measured the depth and pH of humus soil. The survey lines were placed perpendicular to the coastline from the top of the fore-dune to the inland area, and divided into five 50 m sections. Before the point 100 m inland from the top of the fore-dune, the number of invasive hardwoods and of Japanese black pines were small because of the poor growth environment in both transects. Past the 100 m point, the species and number of Japanese black pines and broad-leaved trees increased further inland because the growth environment improved. In addition, the recovery metrics of tree height, diameter at breast height, age, and number in Transect 1 were much lower than those in Transect 2, and the basal area of broad-leaved trees and the depth of humus soil in Transect 1 were lower than in Transect 2, and the soil pH of humus soil in Transect 1 was higher than that of Transect 2. The shape ratio of the Japanese black pine forests indicated that they were insufficient for disaster prevention. Therefore, in order to fully promote the disaster prevention capability of coastal Japanese black pine forests, we should not only focus on prevention of pine wilt disease but also undertake continuous control efforts taking into consideration the sound growth environment such as appropriate density and soil management and removal of invasive broad-leaved trees.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.82-92
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• 2006

As beaches throughout Korea have suffered great losses of sand due to artificial developments and meteorological phenomena, particularly typhoons, it is necessary to monitor beaches that are prone to erosion continuously, establish and enforce a comprehensive plan to attack coastal erosion with the object of the long-term management. However, debates and temporary measures, not based on accurate coastal zone surveys and analyses, have been established up to now. Therefore, with Haeundae sand beach as a case study, we proposed methods to collect accurate spatial data of the coastline and the sand beach through GPS survey. And we detected and analyzed topographic changes resulting from Typhoon Nabi quantitatively and qualitatively, by using GIS technique. Results showed a mean elevation of 1.95 m, a total area of 53,441 $m^2$, and a total volume of 104,639 $m^3$ after Typhoon Nabi. Mean elevation rose 0.06 m between the pre- and the post-typhoon surveys by a protective shore wall. However, strong winds and north-northeast surges brought by the typhoon caused erosion of the area and the volume, by 3,096 $m^2$ and 2,320 $m^3$. Accurate spatial databases of coastal zones based on integrated GPS GIS techniques and quantitative and qualitative analyses of topographical changes will help Korea develop systematic and effective countermeasures against coastal erosion.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.34 no.2_2
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• pp.393-406
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• 2018

Every year in the ocean, various accidents occur frequently and illegal fishing is rampant. Moreover, their size and frequency are also increasing. In order to reduce losses of life or property caused by these, it is necessary to have a means to perform remote monitoring quickly. As an effective platform of such monitoring means, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is receiving the spotlight. In these situations where marine accidents or illegal fishing occur, main targets of monitoring are ships. In this study, we propose a UAV based ship monitoring system and suggest a method of determining ship positions using UAV multi-sensory data. In the proposed method, firstly, the position and attitude of individual images are determined by using the pre-performed system calibration results and GPS/INS data obtained at the time when images were acquired. In addition, after the ship being detected automatically or semi-automatically from the individual images, the absolute coordinates of the detected ships are determined. The proposed method was applied to actual data measured at 200 m, 350 m, and 500 m altitude, the ship position can be determined with accuracy of 4.068 m, 8.916 m, and 13.734 m, respectively. According to the minimum standard of a hydrographical survey, the ship positioning results of 200 m and 350 m data satisfy grade S and the results of 500 m data do grade 1a, where the accuracy is required for positioning the coastline and topography less significant to navigation order. Therefore, it is expected that the proposed method can be effectively used for various purposes of marine monitoring or surveying.