• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.195-208
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• 2005

The flag State is primarily responsible for implementing international maritime conventions(IMO conventions) and national laws and other standards as far as its own vessels are concerned, on the other hand the port State exercise its rights for the safety and marine environment under international law especially UNCLOS within port and territorial sea. In particular, the port State may take appropriate measures including detention of ships identified as sub-standard vessels which are considered as port State's supplementary role aiming for implementing international and national and regulations. But in the course of implementing port state control, international disputes may happen between port state, coastal state and flag state in spite of making all possible efforts to avoid these disputes. This paper aims to consider legal grounds on port state control(PSC) in international conventions and national laws concerned and deals with contradictions between international and national law arising from exercising PSC by port state control officers(PSCOs).

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.32 no.10
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• pp.785-791
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• 2008

Because of increasement on the transportation of goods by ship and the operation of coastal ships for leisure, the interest of marine parts is growing up lately and then the safe navigation of ships are essential. In these circumstances, it is necessary that it should be examined the regulation of vessel traffic control in effect. Therefore, the wave height is analyzed on korean coast, and then the seakeeping performance with the wave height and the various hull types on operating on the coast is evaluated. These results will be helpful to the improvement of the regulation of vessel traffic control and safe navigation of coastal passenger ships.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.155-168
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• 2011

Coastal boundary current flows along the eastern boundary of the Yellow Sea and its speed was about 0.l m/s during the summer 2007. In order to find major factors that affect the coastal boundary current in the eastern Yellow Sea, three-dimensional numerical model experiments were performed. The model simulation results were validated against hydrographic and current meter data in the eastern Yellow Sea. The eastern boundary current flows along the bottom front over the upper part of slopping bottom. Strength and position of the current were affected by tides, winds, local river discharge, and solar radiation. Tidal stirring and surface wind mixing were major factors that control the summertime boundary currents along the bottom front. Tidal stirring was essential to generate the bottom temperature front and boundary current. Wind mixing made the boundary current wider and augmented its north-ward transport. Buoyancy forcing from the freshwater input and solar radiation also affected the boundary current but their contributions were minor. Strong (weak) tidal mixing during spring (neap) tides made the northward transport larger (smaller) in the numerical simulations. But offshore position of the eastern boundary current's major axis was not apparently changed by the spring-neap cycle in the mid-eastern Yellow Sea due to strong summer stratification. The mean position of coastal boundary current varied due to variations in the level of wind mixing.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.31-42
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• 2017

Oahu Island is the third largest island of the Hawaiian chain which located in the northern hemisphere close to the center of the Pacific Ocean and is affected by storms and tsunamis in the northern and southern hemispheres. High-wave and high-energy waves are concentrated in the winter and summer, and the Oahu Coast is always in an active erosion environment. These natural effects are likely to become more severe with global warming and sea level rise. In addition, as the anthropogenic factors, there was indiscreet flood of development on the coast until the 1972 coastal management law was enacted. However, the present coastal erosion phenomenon was not serious than thought. The cause can be found in the improvement of the coastal management of the provincial government. The Hawaiian government is no longer applying this method, which was built prior to the enactment of the Coastal Control Act, due to increased erosion and side effects at other sites. So, in Hawaii, it is mainly applied to soft revetment methods such as supplying sand or making artificial sand dunes as an erosion prevention method. In Korea, there are some places where the soft revetment method is applied partially, but it is mainly composed of hard revetment structure.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.435-445
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• 2011

We investigated geochemical properties, and microbial sulfate- and iron(III) reduction in sediment influenced by the aquaculture of abalone in the Nohwa-do, southern coastal sea in Korea. Concentrations of ammonium, phosphate, and sulfide in the pore-water were higher at farm sites than at control sites. The differences between the 2 types of sites were most apparent in terms of the weights of abalone and the temperature increase during September. Accordingly, the rates of sulfate reduction at the farm sites during September (61 mmol S $m^{-2}d{-1}$) were 3-fold higher than the sulfate reduction during May (20 mmol S $m^{-2}d{-1}$). In contrast, Fe(III) reduction rates were highest at the control sites in May, but its significance was relatively decreased at farm sites during September when sulfate reduction rates were highest. During September, benthic ammonium flux was 3-fold greater at the farm sites (35 mmol N $m^{-2}d{-1}$) than at the control sites (12 mmol N $m^{-2}d{-1}$), and phosphate flux was 8-fold higher at the farm sites (0.018 mmol P $m^{-2}d{-1}$) than at control sites (0.003 mmol P $m^{-2}d{-1}$). Overall results indicated that the inappropriate operation of a large-scale aquaculture farm may result in excess input of biodeposits and high nutrient fluxes from the sediment, thereby decreasing diversity of the benthic ecosystem and deepening eutrophication in coastal waters.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.124-131
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the potentials for the forest restoration on reclaimed land by using willow trees (Salix koreensis Anderson) selected from a coastal reclaimed land made in inside of the Sihwa tide embankment. We first collected six individual willow trees that were the only tree species grown in the reclaimed land. Total 7 clones from cuttings of the collected trees and the control were grown in a greenhouse for two months prior to applying the different concentrations of NaCl solutions (0.0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1.0%). One month after the NaCl application, the survival rates of clones from both the collected trees, and the control were significantly decreased in a NaCl dose-dependent manner. However, there was no significant difference between the collected trees and the control in terms of survival rate, hight and diameter of cuttings, and the numbers of leaves in greenhouse condition. In conclusion, the willow trees collected from the coastal reclaimed land showed no tolerance against NaCl compared to the control grown in ordinary soil, suggesting that further study is required to determine what the most important factor is to select salt tolerant tree species.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 1971

The geotectonics and geomorphic structure of Korea resulted from the Song-rim Disturbance and the Daebo orogenic movements. Afterward this mountainous peninsula underwent several geological changes on a small scale, and it was also claimed that the steady rising of the elevated peneplain of the eastern coast and the submerging of the southwestern coastal area are largely due to the tilted block movement. These views have been generally accepted good in several ways, but they are limited in range or lacking in theoretical integration. The present writer investigated the geology of the Mt. Chi-ri-san and the Honam coal mining area for a geological map in 1965, respectively. The results of these studies convinced the present writer that the conventional views, which were based upon a theory of lateral pressure should be reconsidered in many respects, and more recent studies made it clear that the morphological development in the southwestern area can be better explained by the orogenic movement and rock control. The measurement of submerging speed of the western coastal area (Pak. Y. A., 1969) and a new account on the geology and tectonics of the Mid-central region of South Korea (Kim O.J., 1970) act as an encouragement to a new explanation. The present writer's researches on the extreme southwestern portion of the peninsula show that the steady submerging of this area cannot be attributed to a simple downthrown block phenomenon caused by block movement. It is no more than the result of the differential movement of uplifting in the eastern and western coastal areas and the rising of sea-level in the post-glacial period. This phenomenon could be easily explained by the comparison of the rate of rise in sea-level and amount of heat flow between Korea and other areas in the world. The existance of the erosional planes in the Sobaik-San ranges also provide an evidence of an upheaval in the western coast area. Though the Sobaik-San ranges largely follow the direction of the Sinian system. They consist of the numerous branches, whose trends run more or less differently from their main trend because of the disharmonic folding, are converged into Mt. Sobaik-San and Chupungryung. The undulation of the land is not wholely caused by orogenic movements, where as the present writer confirmed that the diversity of morphological development is the direct reflection of geological conditions such as rocks and processes which constitute the basic elements of geomorphic structure. An east-west directed mountain range which could be named as Hansan mountain range, was claimed to be oriented by the joint control. The geological conditions such as a special erosion and weathering of agglomerate and breccia tuff usually produce pot-hole like submarine features which cause the whirling phenomenon at the southwestern coast channel.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.39-47
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• 2010

The coastal area is the place where two conflicting values provide opportunities for recreation, tourism and conservation of the natural environment. Most of these coastal areas have been disregarded in terms of tourism because of the high value placed on natural resources. Management strategy has usually been first on the priority list of natural. resources. However, due to the significant number of visitors, the Important-Satisfaction Analysis(ISA) was applied as a mean of complement since the 1970s. This study analyzed the difference between visitor satisfaction and the importance of the main management strategy targeting visitors to Sun-cheon Bay Ecological Park on weekdays and weekends. Results show that Sun-cheon Bay Ecological Park and the city government have paid a lot of attention and invested a lot of money, but efficiency of publicity didn't come up to their afford. Therefore, we should prepare information facilities, public education facilities and human power. Also needed are visitors' temporal-spacial control to set specific programs and a guide for information education control. It means visitors' company forms change depends on weekday and weekend. In addition, a breeding space for birds should be built for observation, education and exhibition to help meet visitor expectations. Visitors' positive satisfaction might be provided in establishing strategy as a very important measure in limited area. In conclusion, this study might be provided as preliminary data when the management strategy and related guidelines are established through the management priority of coastal regions where importance and satisfaction conflict.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.147-153
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• 2002

Due to the growth of population and industrial development at the coastal cities, there has been much increase in necessity to effective control of the wastes into the coastal water and river. The amount of disposal at those waters has been increased rapidly and it is necessary for us to track of it in order to keep the water clean. The investigation and research related to the water quality in this region have been conducted continuously but the systematic survey of the disposed wastes at the bottom was neglected and/or minor. In this study we surveyed the status of disposed waste distribution at the bottom coastal water and river from the scanned images. The intensity of sound received by the side scan sonar tow vehicle from the sea floor provides information as to the general distribution and characteristics of the superficial wastes. The port and starboard side scanned images produced from a transducer borne on a tow fish connected by tow cable to a tug boat have the area with width of 22m∼112m, and band of 44m∼224m. All data are displayed in real-time on a high-resolution color display (1280 ${\times}$ 1024 pixels) together with position information by DGPS. From the field measurement and analysis of the recorded images, we could draw the location and distribution of bottom disposals. Furthermore, we made a database system which might be fundamental for planning the waste reception and process control system.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.687-693
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• 2013

Coastal sand dunes have been seriously damaged caused by the development thoughtless for the environment and coastal erosion and destruction due to artificial structures like coast roads and breakwater. Hereupon, in this study we made a library of rhizobacteria that have the plant growth-promoting ability for plant rhizosphere of indigenous plants inhabiting in a coastal sand dune as well as the strong tolerance to salt, and evaluated the plant growth-promoting ability of these strains. Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of rhizobacteria on the growth rate of saline tolerant plants in sandy soil; selected out the most useful micro-organism for the restoration of a damaged sand dune. The effect of inoculation of strains selected from the first experiment on the growth of Peucedanum japonicum and Arundo donaxes planted in a coastal sand dune was evaluated. As a result, Bacillus aerius MH1RS1 had plant growth promoting activities: indole acetic acid (IAA) production, siderophores and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACC deaminase) activity, and also had a salinity tolerance. Also, in case of Peucedanum japonicum, the length of stems and weights of roots were enhanced by the inoculation of B. aerius MH1RS1. Fresh weights of stems and weights of roots in experimental group were, in particular, increased by 25% comparing with the control group. For an Arundo donax in experimental group, plant length increased by 18%, and weight of roots by 20% which is significant.