• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.209-220
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• 2023

Over the past few centuries, widespread changes to natural ecosystems caused by human activities have severely threatened biodiversity worldwide. Understanding changes in ecosystems is essential to identifying and managing threats to biodiversity. In line with this need, the IUCN Council formed the IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology (GET) in 2019, taking into account the functions and types of ecosystems. The IUCN provides maps of 10 ecosystem groups and 108 ecological functional groups (EFGs) on a global scale. According to the type classification of IUCN GET ecosystems, Korea's ecosystem is classified into 8 types of Realm (level 1), 18 types of Biome (level 2), and 41 types of Group (level 3). GETs provided by IUCN have low resolution and often do not match the actual land status because it was produced globally. This study aimed to increase the accuracy of Korean IUCN GET type classification by using land cover maps and producing maps that reflected the actual situation. To this end, we ① reviewed the Korean GET data system provided by IUCN GET and ② compared and analyzed it with the current situation in Korea. We evaluated the limitations and usability of the GET through the process and then ③ classified Korea's new Get type reflecting the current situation in Korea by using the national data as much as possible. This study classified Korean GETs into 25 types by using land cover maps and existing national data (Territorial realm: 9, Freshwater: 9, Marine-territorial: 5, Terrestrial-freshwater: 1, and Marine-freshwater-territorial: 1). Compared to the existing map, "F3.2 Constructed lacustrine wetlands", "F3.3 Rice paddies", "F3.4 Freshwater aquafarms", and "T7.3 Plantations" showed the largest area reduction in the modified Korean GET. The area of "T2.2 Temperate Forests" showed the largest area increase, and the "MFT1.3 Coastal saltmarshes and reedbeds" and "F2.2 Small permanent freshwater lakes" types also showed an increase in GET area after modification. Through this process, the existing map, in which the sum of all EFGs in the existing GET accounted for 8.33 times the national area, was modified so that the total sum becomes 1.22 times the national area using the land cover map. This study confirmed that the existing EFG, which had small differences by type and low accuracy, was improved and corrected. This study is significant in that it produced a GET map of Korea that met the GET standard using data reflecting the field conditions. 

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.295-305
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• 2024

This study aims to analyze the micro-sedimentary structures of the Hwangdo tidal flats using ultra-high resolution unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) data. Tidal flats, located in the transitional area between land and sea, constantly change due to tidal activities and provide a unique environment important for understanding sedimentary processes and environmental conditions. Traditional field observation methods are limited in spatial and temporal coverage, and existing satellite imagery does not provide sufficient resolution to study micro-sedimentary structures. To overcome these limitations, high-resolution images of the Hwangdo tidal flats in Chungcheongnam-do were acquired using UAVs. This area has experienced significant changes in its sedimentary environment due to coastal development projects such as sea wall construction. From May 17 to 18, 2022, sediment samples were collected from 91 points during field surveys and 25 in-situ points were intensively analyzed. UAV data with a spatial resolution of approximately 0.9 mm allowed identifying and extracting parameters related to micro-sedimentary structures. For mud cracks, the length of the major axis of the polygons was extracted, and the wavelength and ripple symmetry index were extracted for ripple marks. The results of the study showed that in areas with mud content above 80%, mud cracks formed at an average major axis length of 37.3 cm. In regions with sand content above 60%, ripples with an average wavelength of 8 cm and a ripple symmetry index of 2.0 were formed. This study demonstrated that micro-sedimentary structures of tidal flats can be effectively analyzed using ultra-high resolution UAV data without field surveys. This highlights the potential of UAV technology as an important tool in environmental monitoring and coastal management and shows its usefulness in the study of sedimentary structures. In addition, the results of this study are expected to serve as baseline data for more accurate sedimentary facies classification.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.275-294
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• 2010

In recent years, international migration of professional workers is significantly increasing as globalization has been deepened more and more. South Korea is not an exception for this case. Immigration of professional workers have steadily increased since 2000 in Korea, and the number reached approximately to 50,000 in 2009. In addition, it is a major trend that immigrants of short-sojourn are decreasing and ones of long-sojourn increasing. Our research shows that foreign language instructor has the greatest number of foreign professional immigrants. The next is professional immigrants related to business-activities. There are considerably entertainers, but they have greatly decreased since 2003. Majority of foreign professional immigrants settle down in a few metropolises. Especially, they reside in Seoul Metropolitan Area and Southeast coastal region. Professional immigrants trend to do with Korean on the base of their offices rather than residental communities in terms of adaptation, and they do not have strong will to reside permanently in Korea. Moreover, they are located at a blind spot of Korean government's foreign immigrant policy, comparing to foreign workers and female marriage immigrants.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.33-48
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• 2000

Vegetation disturbance history of the Korean Peninsula from the Palaeolithic Age to the Koryo Dynasty (1392) has reconstructed by the use of various data sources. Active vegetation disturbance, which has begun during the Neolithic Age, seems to be more widespread on lowland and coastal areas in the early stages, but later expanded into inland areas. The ploughing of a field and the selective cutting of certain trees, such as oak trees, nettle trees and pine trees are noticeable, and eventually caused deforestation during the Bronze Age. The use of iron tools of the Iron Age has enabled the forest clearing to develope the dry fields. During the Three Kingdoms period (BC 57∼AD 918) extensive deforestation has maintained for the development of cultivated fields, as well as other activities, such as timber, lumbering, production of iron farm implement, ploughing by cattle. The encouragement of disafforestation on mountain slope and creation of terraced field during the Koryo Dynasty (918∼1392) has caused the deforestation over the country, along with the consumption of large amount of wood and timber for fire-wood, ship-building, mining, xylography and so on.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.12
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• pp.1548-1553
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• 2008

This study was concerning various physiological activities of agar hydrolysates. All agar hydrolysates showed strong antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus. Also, the agar hydrolysates prepared at the temperature of $110^{\circ}C$ or $120^{\circ}C$ showed antimicrobial activity against St. aureus and E. coli. Among the agar hydrolysates, several hydrolysates treated with citrate or malate at $110^{\circ}C$ or $120^{\circ}C$ conditions showed tyrosinase activity inhibition, and their inhibition rates of tyrosinase activity were about 80%. Some tested samples treated with 0.5% organic acid at $100^{\circ}C$ or $110^{\circ}C$ inhibited the growth of cancer cell. Two agar hydrolysates prepared with 0.5% citrate and lactate at $110^{\circ}C$ for $180^{\circ}C$ min had relatively high cancer cell growth inhibition among the tested samples. The agar hydrolysates treated with citrate and lactate at $110^{\circ}C$ for 180 min obtained the main peaks of six and seven from Sephadex G-15 column chromatography. Among the main peaks, the cancer cell growth inhibition of C-3 and L-3 fractions were higher than that of other fractions.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.125-130
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• 2014

In order to evaluate the distributions of colloidal $^{210}Pb$ (half life = 22.2 years) and $^{210}Po$ (half life = 138 days) in subterranean estuary, we have measured $^{210}Pb$ and $^{210}Po$, for the first time, in the total dissolved (< $0.45{\mu}m$), true dissolved (<10 kDa), and colloidal ($10kDa-0.45{\mu}m$) phases in subterranean estuary of Hampyeong Bay in July 2010 and of Jeju Island in January 2011. The $^{210}Pb$ and $^{210}Po$ activities in groundwater were in the ranges of $0.21-2.52mBqL^{-1}$ and $0.12-2.07mBqL^{-1}$ for true dissolved phase and $0.10-1.71mBqL^{-1}$ and $0.03-0.97mBqL^{-1}$ for colloidal phase, respectively. The proportions of the colloidal phase to the total dissolved phase were $40{\pm}5%$ for $^{210}Pb$ and $28{\pm}5%$ for $^{210}Po$ in groundwater. This result indicates that colloids may play an important role in transporting trace elements through subterranean estuary into the coastal ocean.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.79-85
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• 2007

Many countries foster the tour and leisure industries as a national strategic industry of the 21st century. The tour and leisure industry is expected to be reorganized from the land-based industry to the ocean-based industry as the GNP in a nation is over USD $20,000{\sim}30,000$ dollars. In Korea, since we adopt a five-day week, the total working hours for a week is shortened. As the result, leisure activities in family, such as experience tour, ecological tour, travel, and overnight tour, are expected to be increased. Leisure and sports tours, which link the tour and sports to rafting, hang gliding, and marine leisure, have been also increased over 21.6%. A number of small and big islands near Ho-Nam coastal areas play an important role as natural breakwater. Thus, the ports in Ho-Nam area is safely protected from physical effects by ocean waves and is maintained without constructing a breakwater. In this paper, we analyses the required conditions as the marine leisure base in the southwest sea area which has the natural advantages for marine leisure. We also discuss how to activate the yacht business on Ho-Nam coast area. And then we analyse the present situations and obstacles of a domestic marine leisure. We also suggest the plan to build up echo-marine leisure infrastructure for industrial growth of marine leisure in Ho-Nam area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.56-67
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• 2018

With the introduction of the maritime safety supervisor system in Korea following the passenger vessel Sewol accident, the safety control system for coastal vessels has been reinforced. A maritime safety supervisor performs marine accident prevention activities by offering periodical or occasional guidance and supervision. When a deficiency is found during guidance or supervision sessions, an order for improvement is issued to rectify the problem by such measures as supplementation or replacement of vessel facilities, improvement of work hours and working conditions for employees, educational and training programs for executives and employees, or the improvement of other affairs relating to maritime safety control. However the present order for navigation suspension by a maritime safety supervisor is limited solely to supplementation or replacement. For this reason, orders for navigation suspension against other facilities is impossible, even if a serious deficiency that could lead to a marine accident such as poor cargo loading conditions or unqualified crew is identified. Therefore, the order for vessel navigation suspension to secure seaworthiness should be expanded to include cargo loading/unloading operations, certificates and documentation, maritime safety management systems, and human elements including emergency drills and working conditions, in addition to the supplementation or replacement of vessel facilities that exists.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.39-57
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• 1996

All kinds of environmental problems are related to each local and geographical environment. For this reason, it is necessary for schools in each region to provide environmental education which suits the geographical character of their particular region. In order to provide solutions to the environmental problems of each school's geographic region, the goal of this research is as follows: 1. We can make students realize the relationship between the human race and the environment by teaching according to the environmental conditions in each local area. 2. By teaching students about the problems in their own local environment, we can increase their concern about the state of their local surroundings. 3. When teaching about the environment, it is useful to use educational material which suits the character of each local region. 4. Students' interest in environmental preservation can be aroused through extracurricular environmental activities. The ares concerned are Chonnam and Kwangju City, which are divided into urban, industrial, rural, coastal, and mountainous areas. The conclusion about considering environmental education in environmental school social studies is as follows: 1. Kwangju and Chonnam should be divided into five sections, each with similar geographical environments. This will be an improvement over the old uniform approach to environmental studies in which all regions were treated as being the same each region will now receive special attention. 2. It is necessary to maximize the efficient use of the Environmental Education Building. When Media, environmental data and special materials for environmental education are used effectively, teachers can lead class effectively and students will be more interested in the class. 3. We can detect the cause of pollution, increase interest in the environment and easily solve environmental problems by collecting and displaying environmental educational materials. 4. An environmental education corner could boost students' interest in environmental problems and could act as a kind of bridge between theoretical and practical education. 5. Media and environmental data must be specialized according to the geographic character of each region. In this way, we can expect to improve the quality of environmental education over the simplistic environmental education of previous years. 6. Students will become interested in the problems of the region in which they live through social studies, and primarily through the environmental curriculum. 7. We can prevent learning deficiencies by making a consistent teaching plan. The teaching and learning methods will be improved and the teachers will be proud of what they teach. 8. The purpose of the Education Procedure Content Analysis is to make teaching and learning concise and easy by systematizing environmental and related subjects. This can be done by adding an environmental unit to the geographic section of social studies. 9. Citizens' interest in their own residential environment can be increased through action by sustaining environmental preservation movements to local region people.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.353-359
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• 2009

Interest in marine organisms as potential sources of bioactive agents has increased in recent years. The red seaweed, Callophyllis (C.) japonica, is abundant in the coastal regions of Jeju Island in South Korea. A previous study shows that C. japonica extracts have antioxidant activity and radioprotective effects. In this study, an methanol extract of C. japonica was tested whether it has antibacterial effects against the bacteria from swine. In vitro antibacterial activities of the crude extracts prepared from the C. japonica using 80 % methanol were tested for inhibitory activity against the Escherichia (E.) coli (S175), Enterococcus (E.) faecium (ATCC 51558), Salmonella (S.) Typhimurium and Staphylo-coccus (S.) aureus (ATCC 25923) by using broth dilution method. All organisms were incubated in brain heart infusion medium containing 1% extract at 0, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hrs. The 3 days-old piglets were fed an experimental diet supplemented with 1% C. japonica for 1 week. And the change of the coliform bacteria in feces were examined after supplement of C. japonica for 1 week. When the inocula containing $10^2{\sim}10^3$CFU/ml of each organism were used the extracts of C. japonica showed various degrees of antibacterial effects on all bacteria tested. The CFU value ($6.3\times10^8$CFU/ml) of C. japonica for E. coli was decreased 30% compared with vehicle controls ($9.0\times10^8$CFU/ml) after 8 hrs incubation. The proliferation rate of E. faecium was inhibited about 68% at 4 hrs, 81% at 8 hrs and 76% at 12 hrs after incubation, respectively. The proliferation rate of S. Typhimurium was inhibited about 96% at 4 hrs, 90% at 8 hrs and 72% at 12 hrs after incubation with extracts of C. japonica. The proliferation rate of S. aureus was inhibited more than 90% each time courses. Conclusively, a red seaweed extract of C. japonica was found to be effective against a number of gram negative and gram positive bacteria such as E. coli, E. faecium, S. Typhimurium, and S. aureus. The number of coliform bacteria was increased in the 1% C. japonica-treated group, as compared to those of controls. This result suggests that C. japonica extracts be added as an effective natural antibacterial agent. The precise mechanism of antibacterial effects and its application on swine industry remains to be further studied.