• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.538-542
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• 1993

An approach to the treatment of post-operative pain by the injection of bupivacaine into the pleural space through an intrapleural cathter has been studied. Among 24 thoracotomy patients, bupivacaine was injected only to experimental group[ 12 patients ] when the patient was able to head up for oneself during recovery from anesthesia. The pain and ROM[ range of motion ] scores, respiration rate, PaCO2 level of both experimental and control group were measured at the time of head-up and 30 and 120 minutes thereafter.The scores of pain and ROM of experimental group were significantly[ P value < 0.05 ] decreased in 30 minutes and 120 minutes after bupivacaine injection compared with those of control group but respiration rate and PaCO2 level were not changed significantly. With this result, we can suggest that intrapleural injection of bupivacaine is useful for pain relief following thoracotomy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2006.09b
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• pp.773-774
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• 2006

Gas surface treatment is considered to be effective for titanium because of its high reactivity. In this study, we investigated the gas nitriding mechanism in titanium sintered parts produced by metal powder injection molding (MIM) process. The microstructure and nitrogen content of sintered MIM parts were greatly affected by nitriding conditions. Nitriding process strongly depended on the specimen size, for example, the size of micro metal injection molding (${\mu}-MIM$) product is so small and the specific surface is so large that the mechanical and functional properties can be modified by nitriding.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.1061-1064
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• 2009

Through dark injection space-charge-limited current (DI-SCLC) and trap-free SCLC measurements, it has been demonstrated that an indium tin oxide (ITO)/buckminsterfullerene ($C_{60}$) electrode can form a quasi-Ohmic contact with N, N'-bis (naphthalen-1-yl)-N, N'-bis(phenyl) benzidine (NPB). The DI-SCLC results show a clear peak current along with a shift of the peak position as the field intensity varies, implying an Ohmic (or quasi-Ohmic) contact. A theoretical simulation of the SCLC also shows that ITO/$C_{60}$ forms an Ohmic contact with NPB. The Ohmic contact makes it possible to estimate the NPB hole mobility through the use of both DI-SCLC and trap-free SCLC analysis. This also contributes to a reduction in power consumption.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.36-42
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• 1998

Ion-selective eleltrodes(ISEs) are simple electrodechemical devices for the direct measurement of ions in the samples. A novel potentiometric biosensor for the determination of L-Malate or D-isocitrate has been developed by using CO2-3 -ISE-FIA system was composed of a pump, an injector, a malic enzyme or isocitric dehydrogenase enzyme reactor, a CO2-3 -ISE, a pH/mV meter, and an integrater. The various factors, such as buffer capacity types of plstericizer and polymer, were optimized for the CO2-3 selectivity. In this novel CO2-3 --ISE-FIA system, the potential difference due to the amount of CO2-3 produced from each enzyme reaction was proportional to the amount of L-malate or D-isocitrate.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2006.09b
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• pp.1185-1186
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• 2006

In order to obtain specific magnetic properties, it is of paramount importance to increase the alloy density of components fabricated by powder metallurgy. An alternative to increase the density of alloys such as Fe-49Co-2V would be the use of elemental Fe and Co instead of the pre-alloyed powder. Trying to give some insight on the industrial application of this strategy, this paper investigates the replacement of more conventional pre-alloyed Fe-49Co-2V powders with elemental Fe and Co. A previous analysis shows that it is possible to achieve higher densities and leads to a noticeable improvement in some important magnetic properties.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.39 no.9
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• pp.893-899
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• 2015

In the design of injection molds, the temperature distribution and deformation of the mold is one of the most important parameters that affect the flow characteristics, flash generation, and surface appearance, etc. Plastic injection analyses have been carried out to predict the temperature distribution of the mold and the pressure distribution on the cavity surface. As the input loads, we transfer the temperature and pressure results to the structural analysis. We compare the structural analysis results with the thermal expansion effect using the actual flash and step size of a smartphone cover part. To reduce the flash problem, we proposed a new mold design, and verified the results by performing simulations.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.15-24
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• 2013

Numerical studies were conducted to investigate the internal flow field and combustion characteristics of DISI engine with methanol blended in gasoline. Dual injection was applied and the characteristics were compared to single injection strategy. The amount of the fuel injection was corresponded to air-fuel ratio of each fuel for complete combustion. The preforming model in this study, software STAR-CD was employed for both modeling and solving. The operating speed condition were at 4000 rpm/WOT (Wide open throttle) where the engine was fully warmed. The results of single injection with M28 showed that the uniformity, equivalence ratio, in-cylinder pressure and temperature increased comparing to gasoline (M0). When dual injection was applied, there was no significant change in uniformity and equivalence ratio but the in-cylinder pressure and temperature increased. When M28 fuel and single injection was applied, the CO (Carbon monoxide) and NO (Nitrogen oxides) emission inside the combustion chamber increased approximately 36%, 9% comparing with benchmarking case in cylinder prior to TWC (Three Way Catalytic converter). When dual stage injection was applied, both CO and NO emission amount increased.

• Design & Manufacturing
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.35-40
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• 2019

As the consumer market in the cosmetic, vehicle manufacturing and aerospace industries grows, the demand for manufacturing industries using on injection mold technology. Also, such manufacturing technology of metal machining is expensive, and the shape is limited. Cosmetic cushion fact products are divided into outer relevant to the exterior of the product and inner containers containing the actual contents. In the case of the inner container, it needs to be combined with the upper and lower cases. As environmental regulations are strengthened internationally, the use of a large number of component parts can result in significant losses in recycling and economics. Therefore, this study aims to perform injection molding analysis through injection molding simulation to develop a cushion fact container that can be recycled through the unification of products and materials using polypropylene to cope with environmental regulations. In the case of injection molding conditions, Injection Time(sec): 4.5, Cooling Time(sec): 13, Resin Temperature($^{\circ}C$): 240, and Pressure(MPa): 30 were determined. The results of injection molding simulation according to the two design methods were compared with the sync mark which shows the problem of filling and injection molding.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.251-256
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• 1995

Sucrose is added to feed materials to alter the taste and texture of extruded products. Emulsifier can affect extrudate properties by forming complexes with amylose during extrusion-cooking. These ingredients may improve the cell structure and texture of cornmeal extrudates obtained by using $CO_{2}$ as a bubble forming agent. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of sucrose (5% and 10%) and glyceryl monostearate (GMS) (0.75% and 1%) on properties of cornmeal extrudates produced with $CO_{2}$ at injection pressures from 1.04 to 2.07 MPa. Dough temperature increased and die pressure decreased when $CO_{2}$ was injected into barrel. The addition of sucrose to cornmeal resulted in decreasing dough temperature, specific mechanical energy (SME) input, and die pressure. SME input was not significantly influenced by GMS addition but die pressure was decreased when GMS was added. Extrudate density was decreased over observed $CO_{2}$ injection compared to GMS. WSI was significantly decreased with the addition of GMS. Paste viscosity was also decreased with addition of sucrose or GMS, but significant differences of paste viscosity among $CO_{2}$ injection pressures were not found. Stucture forming and texture of cornmeal extrudates by $CO_{2}$ injection was improved by adding GMS.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 1990

Reiestad and Stromskag recently introduced the interpleural installation of local anesthetic solutions as a technique for the management of postoperative pain in patients undergoing cholecystectomy, renal surgery, and breast surgery. This study was done to manage postoperative pain in the patients undergoing unilateral upper-abdominal surgery and thoracotomy. Twenty patients received 0.5% bupivacaine 20 ml with epinephrine (Children, received 10 ml). Results were as follows: 1) Analgesic effects appeared in 15.56 minutes; mean analgesic duration from the initial intrapleural injection was 10.5 hours. 2) Blood pressure increased more after the operation than before the operation. Blood pressure before injection of bupivacaine was highest (p<0.01). Heart rate was increased before injection and 10 minutes after injection of 0.5% bupivacaine (p<0.05). 3) The values of $PaCO_2$, were improved from $41.7{\pm}2.02\;mmHg$ ($PaCO_2$), $85.2{\pm}2.41\;mmHg$ ($PaO_2$) to $37.8{\pm}2.41\;mmHg$ ($PaCO_2$), $107.0{\pm}7.86\;mmHg$ ($PaO_2$) respectively (p<0.01). 4) Complication such as pneumothorax, atelectasis and CNS toxicity did not appear. 5) Intrapleural administration of local anesthetics after unilateral upper-abdominal and thoracic surgery provided a satisfactory pain control.