• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.664-669
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• 2012

Nano-structured one-dimensional $Na_2Ti_6O_{13}$ particles were synthesized by a molten salt process. Effects of processing parameters on the microstructure and band gap energy of the $Na_2Ti_6O_{13}$ powder were studied in this paper. For the synthesis of the $Na_2Ti_6O_{13}$ particles, two different raw materials of tubular shaped Na-titanate (Na-TiNT) and spherical shaped $TiO_2$ were utilized. Synthesizing with the raw material of Na-TiNT, around 70nm thick 1D-$Na_2Ti_6O_{13}$ with the bandgap energy of 3.5 eV was obtained at $810^{\circ}C$. Below $810^{\circ}C$ or without the presence of NaCl, 1D-$Na_2Ti_6O_{13}$ was in a relatively short in length and agglomerated state. With the processing temperature increased, the thickness of the 1D-$Na_2Ti_6O_{13}$ was also observed to be increased. On the other hand, when $TiO_2$ was employed as a raw material, the mixed amount of $Na_2CO_3$ played an important role in transforming the morphology and phase of the raw material, affecting the bandgap energy of the synthesized product. Specific surface area of the synthesized 1D-$Na_2Ti_6O_{13}$ was significantly affected by the raw and mixed materials as well as processing temperature. When Na-TiNT was processed at $810^{\circ}C$ with NaCl, the specific surface area of the 1D-$Na_2Ti_6O_{13}$ showed the best value of 30.63 $m^2/g$.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.553-574
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to find out effects of prescriptions according to the formula, manipulation of Rhei Rhizoma, configuration. The following results were reached through investigations on the prescriptions using Rhei Rhizoma as a main component. Objectives : Analysis of prescriptions According to the formula : Liquid Extract Prescriptions were used widely on three parts to treat fever and damp heat in the interior organs. Powder Prescriptions were taken with hot water, thin porridge, tea etc. to treat damp heat, congestion of phlegm, acute episodes. Liquid Mixed Pill treat congestion of QI, damp heat, phlegm. Honey Mixed Pill treat accumulated fever, distension, acute excessive fever. Paste Pill treat blood stagnation, excessive toxic-fever, epidemic diseases. External Application treat inflammation by injury, swelling due to severe fever by internal damage. Methods : Analysis of prescriptions According to the manipulation of Rhei Rhizoma : Prescriptions including Liquor processed Rhei Rhizoma treat excessive toxic-fever, congestion of phlegm, blocking orifices on the upper side. Steamed Rhei Rhizoma strengthen effects of making evacuate and cooling of heat. Processed Rhei Rhizoma with vinegar strengthen effects of removing blood stagnation by activating blood movement, releasing gathering. Results : Analysis of prescriptions According to the Composition of Rhei Rhizoma : 41% of the total prescriptions were on the area of less than 20%. In case of lower groups show increased frequency of combination with Pharbitidis Semen, Persicae Semen, Scutellariae Radix and manipulation of baking, steaming, roasting. In case of higher groups show increased frequency of treating excess syndrome, critical illness, acute severe illness, and using proccesed Rhei Rhizoma with vinegar. Treatment of damp heat on the liver and gallbladder, disorder of the spleen and stomach is done mostly by prescriptions on the area of less than 30%. Conclusions : Rhei Rhizoma-Coptidis Rhizoma pair treat damp heat, heat toxins in blood, and Constipation caused by excessive heat. Rhei Rhizoma-Glycyrrhizae Radix pair relieve effects of Rhei Rhizoma passing blocked feces, removing the poison, activating blood movement, releasing gathering with the effects of Glycyrrhizae Radix relaxing tension by harmonizing Middle. Rhei Rhizoma-Magnoliae Cortex pair are used to treat damp heat in middle area, excessive heat in the stomach and intestine. Rhei Rhizoma-Pharbitidis Semen pair act on both blood system and QI system treating edema, damp, stagnation, heat toxins, feces. Rhei Rhizoma-Persicae Semen pair treat blood stagnation with fever on blood system.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2013

To investigate the effects of functional MA films (FMA) masterbatched by zeolite powder treated with 1 N HCl, 0.5 N NaCl solution and anti-fogging agent (NA) compared with control on the freshness extension of 'Fuji' apples during storage at $15^{\circ}C$. Preference, weight loss, total ascorbic acid, sugar content, acidity, change of gas composition in package were measured. After 150 days of storage, the weight loss of control (L) apples was 1%, that of apple in FMA film (NA) was 1.5% after 150 days. Total ascorbic acid content of apples in control (L) after 150 days was 2.09 mg%, those of apple in FMA film (NA) was 2.72 mg%. The titratable acidity of apple in FMA film was higher than that in control, while soluble solids content of apples in FMA film was lower than that in control after 150 days. Ethylene gas adsorbability in control was 192.2 ppm and those in FMA film was 141.4 ppm after 150 days. Overall, apples in FMA film was better than that of control. It was verified that apples packed with LLDPE film (control) lasted about 130days, while those with FMA films lasted about 170 days. Also, FMA films treated with anti-fogging agent few different compare to nontreated film, but commerdity on the display in market was considered higher than that of non-treated anti-fogging agent.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.275-281
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• 2011

$AlPO_4$-type material was synthesized by a reaction of $Al(OH)_3$ and H3PO4 with organic templates from wastewater of detergent manufacturer. The surface of material was coated with carboxylate groups by the reaction of succinic anhydride with surface amino groups which were formed by treatment of the material with APTMS. Powder XRD patterns showed the characteristic patterns of $AlPO_4$. Morphology of the material was examined using a SEM and the functional groups were investigated by FT-IR analysis. The surface charge of a aqueous suspension was analyzed: $AlPO_4-NH_2$ has positively charged surface while $AlPO_4$-COOH has negatively charged one. They were used for the removal of toxic metals from aqueous solution. The lead ions were adsorbed on the surface by the formation of complexes with carboxylate of surface and $K_d$ was 91.1 mL/g. In conclusion, the $AlPO_4$-COOH might be applicable in the removal of toxic metal ions from aqueous system.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.291-294
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• 2008

The Streptomyces padanus isolate TH04, isolated from mummified peaches, showed strong antifungal activity to Monilinia fructicola. The inhibition activity of the isolate TH04 to mycelial growth and spore germination at 1% concentration of sub-antifungal powder made from culture suspension (CS) was ranged from 79.8% to 81.0% and from 73.9% to 75.8% to M. fructicola four strains, respectively. In the test of antifungal activity in mixed culture of the isolate and M. fructicola, inhibition rate was 7.5%, 86.8% and 94.0% in 0.01, 0.1, and 1% concentration of CS containing bacterial cell of the isolate, respectively. On apples (cultivar; Fuji), the control values of the isolate TH04 crude filtrates (0.1 and 1%) were 85.9% and 100%, respectively. The results suggest that the isolate TH04 indicate development possibility as biocontrol agent of brown rot caused by M. fructicola with the study on delivery method and fermentation condition to produce an antifungal compound.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.96-102
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• 2013

Obesity, an intractable metabolic disease, currently has no medical treatment without side effects, so studies have been actively carried out to find natural compounds that have anti-obesity activity with minimum side effects. In this study, the anti-obesity effects of water extracts of seven Capsicum annuum L. varieties being Putgochu (Pca), Oyee gochu (Oca), Kwari putgochu (Kca), Green pepper (Gca), Yellow paprika (Yca), Red paprika (Rca) and Cheongyang gochu (Cca), were examined through the evaluation of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mRNA expression level in 3T3-L1 cells (mouse pre-adipocytes). After capsaicin elimination by chloroform defatting, freeze-dried powder of Cca was treated to 3T3-L1 cells and anti-obesity effects were examined by determining the LPL mRNA level using the RT-PCR method. Of the primary fractions, only proven fractions underwent secondary and tertiary refractionating to determine anti-obesity effects. From seven different Capsicum annuum L., there was a significant decrease of the LPL mRNA expression level of 50.9% in Cca treatment compared to the control group. A significant decrease of the LPL mRNA expression level was shown in primary fractions (Fr) 5 (36.2% decrease) and 6 (30.5% decrease) of the Cca water extracts. Due to the impurities checked by UPLC chromatography, Fr 5 and 6 were refractionated to determine the LPL mRNA expression level. Treatment of Fr 6-6 (35.8% decrease) and Fr 5-6 (35.3% decrease) showed a significant decrease in the LPL mRNA expression level. When analyzed using UPLC, major compounds of Fr 6-6 and Fr 5-6 were very similar. Subsequently, we refractionated Fr 6-6 and Fr 5-6 to isolate the major peak for structure elucidation. Treatment of Fr 5-6-1 (26.6% decrease) and Fr 6-6-1 (29.7% decrease) showed a significant decrease in the LPL mRNA expression level. Consequently, the fractions may have a possibility to ameliorate obesity through the decrease of the LPL mRNA expression level.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.59-65
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• 2015

Recycling of vulcanized rubber products is a serious problem in the world. A quantity of generated waste tires becomes much more and more because of increasing demands on automobiles, resulted in the cause of serious secondary pollution by sulfur component that is crosslinked to incineration or landfill. In addition, crosslinked surfur is used to interfere with the binding of the raw material rubber. In this study, we analyzed the degree of devulcanization by the chemical devulcanization. Devulcanization ratio of the samples were systematically analysed by variables such as time and temperature. In addition, the effect of swelling method as a pre-treatment process was also measured. A rubber specimen was deepened in a organic 2-buthanol solutions during various times of 1 ~ 5 hrs at 100, 150, $200^{\circ}C$ respectively, then to calculate the crosslink density and the number average molecular weight by using a parallel expansion process, which showed devulcanization degree of analyzed samples quantitatively. Also, the mechanical properties were measured with the samples prepared by using a hot press.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.31-43
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• 2010

To fabricate porous SiC candle filter for filtration facility of the IGCC system, the candle type filter preforms were fabricated by ramming and vacuum extrusion process. A commercially available ${\alpha}$-SiC powders with various particle size were used as starting raw materials, and $44\;{\mu}m$ mullite, $CaCO_3$ powder were used as non-clay based inorganic sintering additive. The candle typed preforms by ramming process and vacuum extrusion were sintered at $1400^{\circ}C$ for 2h in air atmosphere. The effect of forming method and particle size of filter matrix on porosity, density, strength (flexural and compressive strength) and microstructure of the sintered porous SiC candle tilters were investigated. The sintered porous SiC filters which were fabricated by ramming process have more higher density and strength than extruded filter in same particle size of the matrix, and its maximum density and 3-point bending strength were $2.00\;g/cm^3$ and 45 MPa, respectively. Also, corrosion test of the sintered candle filter specimens by different forming method was performed at $600^{\circ}C$ for 2400h using IGCC syngas atmosphere for estimation of long-term reliability of the candle filter matrix.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.246-251
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• 2016

This study was performed to determine the effects of drying methods (HD, hot air drying; FD, freeze-drying) on the antioxidant and physiological abilities of Haw (Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge). Powder color values of dried Haw, L and b, were higher for HD, while the chroma values were higher for FD. The total polyphenol, and flavonoid contents of HD Haw and FD Haw were found to be $9.29{\pm}0.50mg\;GAE/mL$ and $15.48{\pm}0.38mg\;GAE/mL$, and $9.41{\pm}0.26mg\;RHE/mL$ and $26.46{\pm}0.34mg\;RHE/mL$, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging abilities at 100 mg/mL concentration were higher for FD (64.90%) than HD (28.66%), as were the reducing power, ABTS radical scavenging ability, and nitrite scavenging ability. However, the HMG-COA reductase of HD (74.67%) was higher than that of FD (72.10%). The ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ inhibitory abilities of HD and FD at a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL were 24.69% and 97.38%, respectively. These results indicate that Haw is a potential functional material and that freeze-drying Haw is better than hot air drying.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.196-200
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• 2010

$\gamma-Fe_2O_3$ nanoparticles have been prepared by a sol-gel method. The structural and magnetic properties have been investigated by XRD, VSM and Mossbauer spectroscopy. $\gamma-Fe_2O_3$ powder annealed at $150^{\circ}C$ has a spinel structure and superparamagnetical behavior. The estimated size of superparammagnetic $\gamma-Fe_2O_3$ nanoparticle is around 7 nm. The hyperfine fields at $-261^{\circ}C$ for the A and B patterns were found to be 503 and 485 kOe, respectively. The blocking temperature ($T_B$) of superparammagnetic $\gamma-Fe_2O_3$ nanoparticle is about $-183^{\circ}C$. The magnetic anisotropy constant of $\gamma-Fe_2O_3$ nanoparticle was calculated to be $1.6{\times}10^6ergs/cm^3$. $\gamma-Fe_2O_3$ nanoparticle annealed at $150^{\circ}C$ can be a candidate for biomedicine applications as magnetic carriers.