• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2016

Recently, the market for ready-to-use vegetables has increased largely due to consumer demands, which led to the production of minimally-processed frozen crushed garlic products. This study was designed to determine the effect of electron beam irradiation (0-7 kGy) on microbial decontamination, bioactive compounds, and antimicrobial activities of frozen crushed garlic obtained from Korea and China. The microbial counts (total bacteria, yeasts & molds) were reduced from log 3-4 CFU/g to non-detectable levels as a result of irradiation at 4 kGy. Irradiation treatment at 4 kGy did not affect the amount of alliin, allicin, total pyruvate, and total thiosulfinate of crushed garlic, however, this dose induced insignificant changes in antibacterial activities against pathogenic bacteria including Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enteritidis, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Yersinia enterocolitica. Therefore, electron beam irradiation less than 4 kGy can be considered suitable to improve the microbial decontamination without altering the biological activity of frozen garlics.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.502-507
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• 2016

This study was designed to investigate the beneficial effects of fermented Rhus verniciflua stem bark extract (RVSBE) on the stomach. We evaluated RVSBE for its antimicrobial activity against Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), along with its ability to reduce the viability of human gastric cancer AGS cells. In addition, its anti-inflammatory effect was examined by evaluating nitric oxide (NO) production, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 mRNA expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. RVSBE showed antimicrobial activity, as 2.0 mg of the extract produced a clear inhibition zone of 4.0 mm. RVSBE inhibited the growth of AGS cells by 20% at concentrations ranging from 0.25-1.0 mg/mL. Regarding the anti-inflammatory effects of RVSBE, at 0.1-1.0 mg/mL, the extract showed more than 75% inhibition of NO production. In addition, cells treated with 0.25 mg/mL RVSBE showed a 25% decrease in iNOS mRNA levels compared to those in the LPS-treated cells. These results suggest that RVSBE may have significant inhibitory effects on inflammatory mediators, and therefore, may be a potential anti-inflammatory candidate.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.233-240
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• 1987

The amniotic fluid provides a medium in which the fetus can readily move, cushions him against possible injury and helps him maintain an even temperature. Besides above mentioned functions, investigators reported that human amniotic fluid contains host-resistance factors which prevent bacteria from producing infectious disease and this activity shows difference among human racial groups or bacterial genera, species and strains. 40 amniotic fluid specimens from Korean women in their second and third trimesters of pregnancy were examined for inhibiting the growth of Escherichia coli. And various factors which might affect bacterial growth inhibiting activity such as pH, initial inoculum size, concentration of amniotic fluid, and heat resistance, were also tested using a strongly inhibitory amniotic fluid specimen. Finally plate diffusion tests were carried out using other strongly inhibitory amniotic fluid. The following results were obtained: 1. Of the 40 fluid samples examined, 18 specimens(45%) had inhibitory activity and samples from women in their second trimester of pregnanancy showed non-inhibitory activity(2 specimens). 2. The pH of the fluids varied between 7.43 and 8.33. There was no correlation between pH and inhibitory activity. 3. No. 19 amniotic fluid showed bacteriostatic activity after 24 hours incubation when an inoculum of $10^2$ organisms per milliliter was used, but non-inhibitory with an inoculum of $10^3$ and $10^4$ bacteria per milliliter. 4. The content of amniotic fluid in culture media influenced E. coli growth. At 90 percent, E. coli was inhibited growth but at 10 percent and 50 percent. 5. Inhibitory activity of No. 19 amniotic fluid was retained after heating to $50^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes or 100^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes. 6. Plate diffusion tests with No. 27 amniotic fluid showed that 0.7ml amniotic fluid gave clear zone of growth inhibition around the central well but 0.2ml and 0.1ml amniotic fluids were not.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2003

Prunus mume has been used for the folk medicine by many old civilizations to treat food-borne diseases or enteric disorders. This study was carried out to examine the antimicrobial effect of juice from Prunus mume against pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus cereus. The juice of Prunus mume had the strongest antimicrobial activity to Sal. enteritidis. The concentrations of Prunus mume juice for the formation of clear zone were 1% for Sai. enteritidis(15.0mm), 3% for Lis. monocytogenes(14.7mm), and 5% for Bac. cereus(14.75mm), Esc. coli(13.45mm) and Sta. aureux(11.9mm). The growth of all tested microorganisms was inhibited apparently in tryptic soy broth containing 3% and 4% Prunus mume juice. And it was found that the Prunus mume juice showed the highest antimicrobial properties, followed by Sal. enteritidis, Bac. cereus, Sta. aureus, Lis. monocytogenes, Esc. coli.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.sup1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2001

Objectives : The objective of this study was to investigate the role of postoperative three dimensional short-range magnetic resonance angiography(3D-TOF MRA) in predicting the clinical outcomes following microvascular decompression(MVD) for the treatment of a hemifacial spasm(HFS). Material and Method : Postoperative magnetic resonance(MR) imaging was performed on 123 patients with a HFS between March 1999 and May 2000. All patients who had postoperative MR imaging were undertaken preoperative MR imaging. Of the 123 patients, 122 patients were included in this retrospective study. The degree of the detachment of vascular contact, and change of the position of offender were determined by pre- and postoperative 3D-TOF MRA. These findings were compared with the surgical findings and clinical outcomes. Results : Of 122 patients who had successful MVD, clear decompression of offenders of the root entry zone(REZ) of facial nerve was found in 106 patients(86.9%), partial decompression in 10 patients(8.2%) and contact of offenders to the REZ of facial nerve in 6 patients(4.9%) by the postoperative 3D-TOF MRA. Our patients demonstrated that the types of offender did not influence with the degree of decompression of REZ of facial nerve and with surgical outcomes(p>0.05). Also, there was no significant relationship between the degree of decompression of the REZ of facial nerve from offenders and an improvement of symptoms(p>0.05). Futhermore, there was no significant relationship between the degree of decompression of the REZ of facial nerve from offenders and an improvement time (p>0.05). Conclusion : Our data suggests that MVD of facial nerve alone may not be sufficient to resolve the symptoms in all patients with hemifacial spasm. Therefore, another unknown factors besides vascular compression may be involved to cause symptoms in certain patients and it may be necessary to remove these factors with MVD simultaneously to obtain the resolution of symptom.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.192-203
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• 2018

The surfgrass Phyllospadix iwatensis is native in the exposed rocky shores of the Northwestern Pacific Ocean. In Korea, P. iwatensis is mainly found on the rocky subtidal zone in the central eastern coast. In this study, to examine the ecological characteristics of P. iwatensis, we investigated changes in morphological characteristics, density, biomass, and leaf productivity as well as changes in the underwater irradiance and water temperature of its habitat monthly from August 2017 to July 2018. Underwater irradiance and water temperature showed clear seasonal changes; increases in spring and summer and decreases in fall and winter. Morphological characteristics, shoot density, biomass, and leaf productivities of P. iwatensis exhibited significant seasonal variations, increasing in winter and spring and decreasing in summer and fall months. P. iwatensis leaf productivities both per shoot and per unit area showed significant positive correlations with underwater irradiance. The average leaf productivity of P. iwatensis per area was $6.3{\pm}1.3g\;m^{-2}d^{-1}$, while minimum and maximum values were $2.4{\pm}0.3g\;m^{-2}d^{-1}$ in February 2018 and $16.4{\pm}4.4g\;m^{-2}d^{-1}$ in May 2018, respectively. The optimum water temperature for the growth of P. iwatensis in this study was between $12-13^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.347-351
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• 2018

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Eleutherococcus senticosus (ES) on the laccase and cellulase activity of Ganoderma lucidum mycelia. Following the addition of ES, the laccase activity of Ganoderma mushroom mycelia was found to be 0.84-2.18 times, 0.61-2.37 times, and 0.78-2.17 times the activity of mycelia treated with sawdust in Yeongji-1 (Y1; ASI-7004), Yeongji-2 (Y2; ASI-7071), and nokgak (GN; ASI-7013), respectively, with the laccase activity of Y2 being the highest at 0.947 U/min. Using the Congo-red assay, a wider clear zone was formed because of the CMCase activity of mycelia treated with ES than that of mycelia treated with sawdust. Cellulase activity was found to be 1.84-2.24 times, 1.77-1.87 times, and 2.74-2.81 times that of mycelia treated with sawdust in Y1, Y2, and GN, respectively, with the cellulase activity of GN being the highest at 0.172 U/min. However, the addition of ES did not affect the growth of G. lucidum mycelia.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.242-248
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• 2017

The acidity of soy curd fermented by lactic acid bacteria is a major factor degrading the sensory properties of soy curd. For preparation of soy curd with low sour taste, lactic acid bacteria were separated from kimchi. The lactic acid bacteria which showed yellow-clear zone around the colonies on BCP plate and formed soy curd with low level of acidity were selected. The selected strain was analyzed by 16S rDNA sequence and named as Pediococcus inopinatus Y2. The maximum viable cell number of the soy curd fermented by P. inopinatus Y2 was obtained at 10.73 log CFU/mL at $25^{\circ}C$ for 24 h of fermentation. By the results of panel test, the overall sensory quality of the soy curd produced by P. inopinatus Y2 was higher than that of Leuconostoc mesenteroides No. 4395 and Lactobacillus sakei strain No. 383.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.275-285
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• 2020

Background: In Korea, Symplocos prunifolia Siebold. & Zucc. is only found on Jeju Island. Conservation of the species is difficult because little is known about its distribution and natural habitat. The lack of research and survey data on the characteristics of native vegetation and distribution of this species means that there is insufficient information to guide the management and conservation of this species and related vegetation. Therefore, this study aims to identify the distribution and vegetation associated with S. prunifolia. Results: As a result of field investigations, it was confirmed that the native S. prunifolia communities were distributed in 4 areas located on the southern side of Mt. Halla and within the evergreen broad-leaved forest zones. Furthermore, these evergreen broad-leaved forest zones are themselves located in the warm temperate zone which are distributed along the valley sides at elevations between 318 and 461 m. S. prunifolia was only found on the south side of Mt. Halla, and mainly on south-facing slopes; however, small communities were found to be growing on northwest-facing slopes. It has been confirmed that S. prunifolia trees are rare but an important constituent species in the evergreen broad-leaved forest of Jeju. The mean importance percentage of S. prunifolia community was 48.84 for Castanopsis sieboldii, 17.79 for Quercus acuta, and 12.12 for Pinus thunbergii; S. prunifolia was the ninth most important species (2.6). Conclusions: S. prunifolia can be found growing along the natural streams of Jeju, where there is little anthropogenic influence and where the streams have caused soil disturbance through natural processes of erosion and deposition of sediments. Currently, the native area of S. prunifolia is about 3300 ㎡, which contains a confirmed population of 180 individual plants. As a result of these low population sizes, it places it in the category of an extremely endangered plant in Korea. In some native sites, the canopy of evergreen broad-leaved forest formed, but the frequency and coverage of species were not high. Negative factors that contributed to the low distribution of this species were factors such as lacking in shade tolerance, low fruiting rates, small native areas, and special habitats as well as requiring adequate stream disturbance. Presently, due to changes in climate, it is unclear whether this species will see an increase in its population and habitat area or whether it will remain as an endangered species within Korea. What is clear, however, is that the preservation of the present native habitats and population is extremely important if the population is to be maintained and expanded. It is also meaningful in terms of the stable conservation of biodiversity in Korea. Therefore, based on the results of this study, it is judged that a systematic evaluation for the preservation and conservation of the habitat and vegetation management method of S. prunifolia should be conducted.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.670-677
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• 2020

To prevent contamination by Campylobacter jejuni during chicken carcass processing, the effect of emulsifiers on C. jejuni inoculated on chicken skin was investigated using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Among the 8 emulsifiers (SWA-10D, L-7D, M-7D, S-1670, L-1695, P-1670, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80) tested for antimicrobial activity by the paper disk method, 4 emulsifiers (L-7D, L-1695, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80) were screened further. Emulsifier L-1695 showed the largest clear zone at a concentration of 200 mg/mL. The 4 emulsifiers subjected to primary screening were screened for heat and pH stability. In the contact surface test, emulsifier L-1695 showed the lowest log CFU/㎠ value on both stainless steel and ceramic surfaces. When emulsifier L-1695 was applied via general and electrostatic spray methods, the number of C. jejuni entrapped inside chicken skin follicles was significantly reduced in both methods. In conclusion, the emulsifier L-1695 could be employed as a microbial detachment agent in the chicken carcass processing industry.