• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.41-50
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determined that the efficacy and comfort of iontophoretic transdermal delivery of lidocaine by comparison of local anesthetic duration, sensory threshold, pain threshold and pain tolerance levels according to four different cleansing regimes. Methods: Forty healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to four groups; oil cleansing group, lotion cleansing group, solution cleansing group and alcohol cleansing group. All subjects were received lidocaine iontophoresis on the forearm using direct current with 4 mA for 10 minutes. All subjects were measured the duration of local anesthesia after lidocaine iontophoresis, also evaluated the sensory threshold, pain threshold and pain tolerance level during iontophoresis. For comparisons of the efficacy and the sensory characteristics of iontophoresis within the groups, an one-way ANOVA was used. Results: The duration of local anesthesia were found significant difference between groups (p<0.001). The anesthetic duration in solution and alcohol cleansing groups were significantly longer than oil and lotion cleansing group by post hoc (p<0.05). Statistically significant difference were noted in respect to all sensory characteristics such as sensory threshold, pain threshold and pain tolerance between groups (p<0.001). The sensory threshold in solution and alcohol cleansing group were significantly lower than oil and lotion cleansing group by post hoc using Duncan multiple range test (p<0.05). The pain threshold and pain tolerance in solution and alcohol cleansing group were significantly higher than oil and lotion cleansing group by post hoc (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results demonstrated that cleansing regimes have affected the efficacy and discomfort of iontophoretic transdermal delivery of lidocaine. These findings indicate that cleansing agents without oil ingredient contributed to more comfort, and more successful achievement of the iontophoretic transdermal delivery.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.217-222
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• 2007

To develop cleansing tissue composed of silicone multiple emulsions which could easily remove make-up residues and confer skin protecting effect without damaging skin, we formulated various silicone multiple emulsions and evaluated the physicochemical properties including viscosity, cleansing effect, and safety effect. Also, cleansing tissue incorporated with silicone multiple (W/Si/W) emulsion was stored for 6 months, and judged its stability through microscopes under accelerated and long-term condition. Cleansing effect was evaluated by chromameter. Skin hydration effect was determined by corneometer and incorporation effect into non-woven fabric cotton was evaluated by volunteer survey. Low viscosity ranged from 400 centipoise (cP) to 1,000 cP was obtained from a stabilized W/Si/W emulsion containing more than 10% volatile silicone. Mean diameter of fresh W/Si/W emulsion was $20{\mu}m$, but after storage for 3 months at $45^{\circ}C$, the particle size of the W/Si/W emulsion increased up to $50{\mu}m$. Both W/Si/W emulsion-incorporated cleansing tissue and commercial product showed equally good cleansing effect. In addition, skin allergies such as erythema, edema, scaling itching, stinging, burning, tightness and prickling were not observed through macroscopic examination. From the transepidermal water loss results, the cleansing tissue consisting of W/Si/W emulsion showed superior hydration effect to commercial product. In conclusion, this study suggests cleansing tissue using W/Si/W emulsion could be used for an excellent efficacy compared with commercialized cleansing tissue.

• 한국진공학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.97-101
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• 2009

현대의 반도체 산업에서 공정 중 가장 큰 비중을 차지하며, 가장 많은 자본과 인력을 소비하는 것이 바로 세정 공정이다. 세정공정은 소자의 작동에 영향을 미치고 기능을 저하시킬 수 있는 이물질 입자들을 제거하는 것이다. 특히 소자를 식각하기 위한 Photoresist(PR) 과정이 끝날 때마다 항상 세정 과정이 포함되어야 했다. 또한, Photoresist(PR) 공정 중 생성된 HDI-PR(high dose implanted photoresist)은 세정 과정에서 제거가 힘들기 때문에 현대의 고밀도 집적회로 세정 공정에서는 건식 세정과 습식 세정을 혼용하여 여러 단계의 세정 공정을 거치게 된다. 이 논문에서는 기존 플라즈마 방식으로 대표되는 건식 세정과 약액으로 대표되는 습식 세정을 동시에 사용하는 방식을 사용하여 약액활성화 방법(Plasma Liquid-Vapor Activation; PLVA)을 제안하여 실험을 실시하였고 HDI-PR을 활성화된 용액에 담근 후 Nano-Indenter를 이용하여 표면강도와 탄성계수를 측정했다. Nano-indenter는 특정한 기하학적 형태를 가지는 Tip을 표면에 압입한 후 압입하중과 압입깊이를 측정함으로서 시료의 표면강도와 탄성계수를 측정하였다. 그 결과 plasma로 활성화된 PR stripper 용액으로 strip한 후의 시료의 표면 강도가 크게 줄어든 것을 확인하였다. 이는 이후 물리적 표면 세정 공정을 후 공정으로 사용한다면 보다 효율적인 HDI-PR을 제거할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.208-215
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• 2009

We employed atmospheric plasma to reactively remove the lubricant sprayed onto such industrial electronic parts as LCD chassis during sheet-metal forming processes and investigated basically the effect of plasma parameters on cleansing the surfaces of zinc-electroplated steel plates (EGI). Specimen prepared with some controlled amount of lubricant sprayed on their surfaces beforehand were subjected to two different kinds of atmospheric plasma, one being generated by using air and the other generated by using nitrogen (99.9% purity). Locating the plasma beams at the height range between 3.5 and 13.5 mm from the surface of each specimen and radiating for 5 to 30 seconds resulted out that the cases with a position of 3.5 mm and a duration of 5 seconds or longer showed the surfaces completely cleansed without a trace of lubricant. Furthermore we found out that the plasma generated by using simple air depicted higher cleansing ability than the other one generated by using expensive nitrogen, interestingly useful very much for industrial purposes. On another aspect, we confirmed that the drilled or cut surfaces of Zn-plated steel substrate would not be oxidized even under the influence of plasma during its cleansing process. Therefore, we could probably conclude from this fore-survey that a dry process adopting atmospheric plasma for cleansing industrial parts might be determined to become successful in terms of commercialization, cautiously.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.97-103
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• 2013

최근 화장품을 사용하는 인구가 증가함에 따라 세안의 중요성도 강조되고 있다. 회전 브러시를 이용한 세안은 이전부터 산업계에서 적용되어 온 방법이나, 국내 문헌상 회전 브러시를 이용한 클렌징 기기의 세정효과에 대한 연구가 보고된 바가 없는 실정이다. 본 연구는 회전 브러시를 장착한 클렌징 기기인 PBRCF1201(Amorepacific Co., Korea)에 대한 세정력과 피부상태 개선효과에 대한 실험 결과를 보고한다. 총 20명의 환자가 참여하였으며, PBRCF1201를 사용하기 전 블랙헤드, 세정력(피부 밝기), 피부 각질, 모공, 유분함유량에 대해 측정을 하였고 시험제품을 1회 사용하게 한 후 동일한 항목을 측정하였다. 평가 대상 부위는 얼굴과 전박부를 대상으로 하였다. 그 결과 클렌징 젤을 단독으로 사용할 때보다 클렌징 젤과 클렌징 기기를 사용하였을 때 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내며 더 좋은 세정력을 나타냈으며 피부 각질, 블랙헤드, 유분 함유량, 모공 개수 역시 감소하였다. 결론적으로 회전 브러시를 장착한 클렌징 기기는 피부에 손상이나 건조를 유발시키지 않는 효과적인 세안방법이라고 생각된다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.264-274
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• 2019

본 연구는 선호하는 식물성 Base oil에 따른 클렌징 오일이 피부에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 먼저 설문조사(100명)를 통해 세안 습관 실태 및 선호하는 식물성 Base oil를 파악하고, 이를 바탕으로 4종의 클렌징 오일을 제조하여 실험을 진행하였다. 실험은 20~30대 성인여성 10명을 대상으로 선정하여 실험 전 후 수분보유량, 유분보유량, 경피수분손실량(TEWL)을 측정하였고, 실험 후 만족도 설문조사를 실시하여 분석하였다. 그 결과, 클렌징 오일의 식물성 Base oil 종류에 따른 선호도 설문조사에서는 로즈힙 오일, 올리브 오일, 살구씨 오일, 동백 오일 순으로 나타났다. 임상 실험결과, 선호하는 식물성 Base oil에 따른 클렌징 오일(4종)의 클렌징 전 후 수분보유량과 유분보유량의 변화폭은 Base oil에 따라 차이는 있었으나 모두 증가하는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.001, p<0.001). 또한 TEWL의 변화량도 Base oil에 따라 차이는 있었으나 모두 감소하였다(p<0.01). 실험 후 주관적 만족도 설문조사 결과에서는 로즈힙 오일이 함유된 클렌징 오일(RHC)이 세정력 및 주관적인 만족도면에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 결론적으로 선호하는 식물성 Base oil에 따른 클렌징 오일이 피부의 유 수분보유량과 TEWL의 개선에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳐 피부장벽을 보호함으로서 피부개선 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 개개인마다 피부타입과 선호하는 오일 및 사용감에 따른 만족도는 다르지만 본 연구의 식물성 Base oil에 따른 클렌징 오일은 단순히 세정의 차원을 넘어 피부건조와 피부장벽을 보호하는 피부보호 제품으로서 도움이 될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.400-405
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• 2010

This study investigated lead adsorption by carboxylated alginic acid and its application in cleansing cosmetics. Carboxylated alginic acid showed the highest lead adsorptivity after oxidation in a 4-6 mM hydrogen peroxide solution at $20-30^{\circ}C$ for 30-40 min. Carboxylated alginic acid adsorbed $648.1{\pm}2.8-653.0{\pm}2.9$ mg/g of lead dry mass at pH 4-6. Carboxylated alginic acid modified by hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate adsorbed $651.3{\pm}3.8$ and $639.9{\pm}4.0$ mg/g of lead dry mass, respectively. Carboxylated alginic acid showed higher lead adsorptivity after modification by hydrogen peroxide than by potassium permanganate, with an increase of ~30% compared with raw alginic acid. To access the potential application of carboxylated alginic acid in cleansing cosmetics, we investigated the lead adsorptivity, conditions of the cosmetics procedure, and cytotoxicity of various concentrations of cleansing cosmetics added to 5% carboxylated alginic acid. The ideal cosmetic concentrations combined with 5% carboxylated alginic acid were 70% for peeling gel, 20% for massage cream, 20% for foam cleansing and 40% for cleansing cream. There was no cytotoxicity in cleansing cosmetics combined with 5% carboxylated alginic acid.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.244-249
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• 1997

Proper hygienic care of removable dentures is an important means of maintaining a healthy oral mucosa on denture wearers. Denture cleansing is often poor due to improper mechanical and the inefficient chemical cleansing of dentures. Dentists and patients should realize that microbial plaque on dentures may be harmful to both the oral mucosa and the patient's general health. This literature review was aimed to evaluate materials and methods for cleansing dentures and to discuss different means of keeping dentures plaque-free. A routine denture cleansing regimen should be designed to remove and prevent reaccumulation of microbial plaque and also to remove mucin, food debris, calculus, and exogenous discoloration. The combined use of chemical and mechanical cleansing is highly recommended for patients to clean their denture effciently.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.253-263
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• 1988

In order to study the cleansing effect of air-driven sonic system, the author prepared root canals on 48 extracted human permanent single rooted teeth using hand instrumentation and aforementioned method, half and half of the cases. In order for comparison of the degree of remnant debris and cleanliness, the cross sections at 3mm and 7mm levels from the apex were stereomicroscopically observed and scored in accordance with predetermined degree. The obtained results were as follows: 1. Air-driven sonic system was more effective in cleansing root canal than hand instrumentation at apical 3mm level. (p < 0.01) 2. Air-driven sonic system was more effective in cleansing root canal than hand instrumentation at apical 7mm level. (p < 0.01) 3. In hand instrumentation, Helisonic file was more effective in cleansing root canal than Rispisonic file. (p < 0.05) In air-driven sonic system, on the other hand, there were no significant difference between the two files.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.475-484
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• 2003

Many tooth cleansing instruments and agents have been developed for removal of plaque, inhibition of plaque formation and reduction of gingival inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the plaque control effect and the therapeutic effect of newly developed tooth cleansing instrument(Belloblanco(R)). 40 healthy subjects with gingivitis or early periodontitis were divided into two groups. Subjects in control group only used manual tooth brushing and in experimental group used manual tooth brush and additive tooth cleansing instrument(Belloblanco(R)). Additive tooth cleansing instrument was used once a week. At baseline scaling and tooth brushing instruction was performed. Probing depth, bleeding on probing, plaque index, gingival index were scored at baseline, 2weeks, 4weeks. Probing depth of control and experimental group were significantly reduced at 2 weeks, 4weeks, hut there were no differences between two groups(P<(0.05). Bleeding on probing, plaque index and gingival index of control and experimental group were significantly reduced at 2weeks and 4weeks and there was significantly more reduction in the experimental group than the experimental group than the control group(p<(0.05). From these finding. it can be conclude that newly developed tooth cleansing instrument(Belloblanco(R)) are effective on the removal of plaque and the reduction of gingival inflammation