• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.13-27
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• 2017

Purpose In the procedure of domestic medical radioactive self-disposal, there are many requests of supplementation and difficulties on the screening process. In this regard, presentation of basic guideline will improve the work processing efficiency of medical institution radioactive waste. From 2015 to 2016, We reviewed and compared a supplementary requests of domestic fifteen medical institution radioactive self-disposal Plan & Procedure manual. In connection with this, we derive the details of the radioactive waste document based on the relative regulation of nuclear safety Act. The representative supplementary requests of Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety are disposal method of non-flammability radioactive waste, storage method of scheduled self-disposal waste, the legitimacy of self-disposal and pre-treatment of self-disposal, reference radioactivity of disused filter and output of storage period, attachment the evidential matter of measurement efficiency when using a gamma counter. Through establishing a medical radioactive waste guideline, we can clearly suggest a classification standard of radioactive nuclide and the type of occurrence. As a result, we can confirm the reduction of examination processing period while preparing a self-disposal document and there is no spending expenses for business agency. Also, the storage efficiency of facility will better and reduce the economic expenses. On the basis of this guideline, we will expect a contribution to the improvement of work efficiency for officials who has a working-level difficulty of radioactive waste self-disposal.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.157-171
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• 2001

The study was designed to provide the fundamental information for understanding discomfort of bone marrow donors and for promoting an individual comfort by comparing the difference on discomfort between unrelated donors and related donors. The subject of the study was fifty related donors and thirty unrelated donors who was in the C University Hospital. This survey had been carried out and collected from October, 1998 to March, 1999. The scale of discomfort of donors associated with bone marrow donation were assessed by the questionnaire deviced by Kim Sang Dol and amended by the researcher. Data was analyzed by $x^2-test$, t-test, two-way ANOVA, and Pearson Correlation Coefficients. The results were as follows. 1. Considering the general characteristics of bone marrow donors according to gender, male was consisted of $60\%$ and female was consisted of $40\%$. Of those related donors are consisted for $62.5\%$ and accounted for $37.5\%$ of those unrelated donors. Considering the classification to the job, employee of company were major donors which was $35\%$, and next order was student, individual businessman, and housewife. Considering the education level. college students were $48.7\%$ and students who have less than high school level were $42.5\%$. 2. According to the above the results regarding discomfort of bone marrow donation, it is especially shown that the major cause for discomfort of bone marrow donors is on physical factor. The concrete examples for physical factor are pain in the region of bone marrow harvest and pain in the injection part by fluid therapy and blood-sampling, an immovability of the body after bone marrow harvest, and difficulties on walking. Considering physiological factor, there are an uneasiness about leading to injure their health, vague fear about the hospital. and a tedium at hospital. Environmental factors for discomfort of bone marrow donors are insufficient explanation for needle gauge and procedure of bone marrow donation and difficulty on following medical schedule. Therefore. it is necessary to establish more effective and systematically organized program for nursing intervention based on the research results. An effective program is only useful in getting rid of discomfort of bone marrow donors.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.701-712
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• 2021

As the domestic housing supply problem has been resolved, the apartment construction market has shifted to a consumer-oriented market that wants high quality, and in particular, expectations in the area of finishing quality have increased. Looking at the status of complaints regarding apartment housing defects supplied by Korea Land and Housing Corporation, tile-related complaints are the type occurring the most frequently. While the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport(MOLIT) is making an ongoing effort to reduce complaints related to defects, through approaches such as drafting amendments to 「Investigation of defects in apartment houses, calculation of repair costs, and standards for determining defects」, the provision of preventive measures has been insufficient. In addition, by reviewing studies, there has been insufficient research to construct a classification system after deriving the characteristics of each type using the qualitative knowledge of experts, various quantitative indicators, and suggesting measures for reduction according to the causes of each type. Therefore, this study will reflect qualitative indicators to use the AHP analysis that makes it easy to identify the relationship between defects by surveying construction experts. Then, by visualizing the weight of 'Possibility of recurrence after repair,' 'Degree of difficulty in repairing defects' and 'Fault frequency' using a radial graph, we will analyze the characteristics of each type of tile construction defect and establish measures for reduction according to the cause. This will improve the quality of the living environment and contribute to the establishment of a system for smooth defect management and reduction of defects in apartment tile construction.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.140-148
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• 1995

To study the clinical profiles and outcome of surgery in infants with esophageal atresia, we reviewed 96 esophageal atresia cases who were treated from April, 1978 to June, 1995. There were 51 male and 45 female infants, a ratio of 1.1:1. The low birth weight(<2500g) patients were 32%. Clinical findings at the time of diagnosis included drooling in 57%, choking in 50%, cyanosis in 38%, respiratory distress in 27% and swallowing difficulty in 20%. Gross classification included 6 cases of type A esophageal atresia(6%), 79 cases of type C(82%), 3 cases of type E (3%) and 8 cases of type F(8%). Associated anomalies occurred in 34 infants(35%). Among them, cardiac anomalies were most common(60%). A primary repair of the defect was carried out in 76 patients with type A or C. A staged operation comprising a repair or gastric tube interposition after gastrostomy was performed in 8 patients. In all 3 infants with H-type, a division of fistula was performed. Esophageal resection and anastomosis was done in 8 infants with esophageal stenosis. In one infant, a gastrostomy was performed and he expired before staged operation. Anastomotic complications included leakage in 16 cases(17%), stricture in 37 cases(39%) and recurrent tracheoesopohageal fistula in 3 cases(3%). The mortality rate was 14% and the leading cause of death was pneumonia. The overall survival rate was 86%, and according to Waterston criteria, the survival rates were 93%, 85% and 58% in class A, Band C, respectively. 75 patients were followed up with median follow up 6.4 years. Among them, 93% were uneventful and 7% had frequent pneumonia.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.455-464
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• 2008

This paper examines the situation and tasks of competitive systems of EU transport market focusing on railways. Recently, the EU transport market has changed radically, thanks to an increasingly competitive rail market. The European Commission has stimulated the creation of a competitive environment that will enhance the position of rail. Some scholars have insisted that the rail market is more monopolistic than competitive. However, the case of UK rail privatization suggests this is not the case. Moreover, some countries have a rail market that is more competitive. We draw on a wide range of sources including statistics and analyses of recent phenomena. These demonstrate the emergence of competitive markets in EU rail and the difficulty of developing a competitive market. With regard to the adoption of the competitive market, we examine three things. First, we observe recent cases and trends in competitive markets. Second, we compare the result of competitive markets and non-competitive markets within EU nations. Third, we demonstrate factors of formation of competitive markets and the possible expansion. We identified differences within open market policies amongst EU nations. Although a competitive EU rail market may have some difficulties, it will steadily begin to overcome technological differences and a lack of funds, because EU countries have a common goal, which is to develop the railways, solving, wherever possible both environmental and energy problems. Through this analysis, we found that the free market in EU rail will be extended to deliver efficiency and quality service.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.411-418
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• 2007

It is a very difficult thing to estimate an occurrence possibility location and hazard expectation area by landslide. The prediction difficulty of landslide occurrence has relativity in factor of various geological physical factors and contributions. However, estimation of landslide occurrence possibility and classification of hazard area became available correlation mechanism through analysis of landslide occurrence through landslide data analysis and statistical analysis. This study analyzed a damage possibility of a cultual heritage area due to landslide occurrence by a heavy rainfall. We make a landslide prediction map and tried to analysis of landslide occurrence possibility for the cultural heritage site. The study area chooses a temple of Silsang-Sa Baekjang-Am site and made a landslide prediction map. In landslide prediction map, landslide hazard possibility area expressed by occurrence probability and divided by each of probability degrees. This degree used to evaluate occurrence possibility for existence and nonexistence of landslide in the study site. For the prediction and evaluation of landslide hazard for the cultural heritage site, investigation and analysis technique which is introduced in this study may contribute an efficient management and investigation in the cultural heritage site, Korea.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.630-639
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the classifying ability of the igneous rocks with the naked eye for 36 preservice science teachers. For this, we selected six specimens of igneous rocks that consisted of rhyolite, andesite, basalt, granite, diorite, and gabbro, and performed the questionnaire with them. Preservice science teachers needed the average of 3 tools to classify the rocks. Most of the selected tools were loupe, streak plate, hammer and Mohs’ hardness scale. Many preservice science teachers selected basalt and granite samples to classify igneous rocks among 6 kinds of the rocks which were exhibited. However, the results of the identification with the naked eye showed that the right answer rate was significantly different based on what rock sample had been selected. Nobody gave the right answer among 10 students who chose the rhyolite sample, but all of 36 students who picked the basalt sample answered correctly. And $62\%$ of 8 students who chose the andesite sample, 62% of 32 student choosing granite, $7\%$ of 13 students choosing diorite and $44\%$ of 9 students choosing gabbro were correctly answered. In identifying igneous rock samples with the naked eye, most subjects relied on vesicular texture to basalt, and they used textural, color and empirical characters to granite. But, some felt more or less difficulty to distinguish between intermediate and light colors and to recognize porphyry.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.43-50
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• 2002

Accurate quantitative forecasting of rainfall for basins with a short response time is essential to predict streamflow and flash floods. Previously, neural networks were used to develop a Quantitative Precipitation Forecasting (QPF) model that highly improved forecasting skill at specific locations in Pennsylvania, using both Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) output and rainfall and radiosonde data. The objective of this study was to improve an existing artificial neural network model and incorporate the evolving structure and frequency of intense weather systems in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States for improved flood forecasting. Besides using radiosonde and rainfall data, the model also used the satellite-derived characteristics of storm systems such as tropical cyclones, mesoscale convective complex systems and convective cloud clusters as input. The convective classification and tracking system (CCATS) was used to identify and quantify storm properties such as life time, area, eccentricity, and track. As in standard expert prediction systems, the fundamental structure of the neural network model was learned from the hydroclimatology of the relationships between weather system, rainfall production and streamflow response in the study area. The new Quantitative Flood Forecasting (QFF) model was applied to predict streamflow peaks with lead-times of 18 and 24 hours over a five year period in 4 watersheds on the leeward side of the Appalachian mountains in the mid-Atlantic region. Threat scores consistently above .6 and close to 0.8 ∼ 0.9 were obtained fur 18 hour lead-time forecasts, and skill scores of at least 4％ and up to 6％ were attained for the 24 hour lead-time forecasts. This work demonstrates that multisensor data cast into an expert information system such as neural networks, if built upon scientific understanding of regional hydrometeorology, can lead to significant gains in the forecast skill of extreme rainfall and associated floods. In particular, this study validates our hypothesis that accurate and extended flood forecast lead-times can be attained by taking into consideration the synoptic evolution of atmospheric conditions extracted from the analysis of large-area remotely sensed imagery While physically-based numerical weather prediction and river routing models cannot accurately depict complex natural non-linear processes, and thus have difficulty in simulating extreme events such as heavy rainfall and floods, data-driven approaches should be viewed as a strong alternative in operational hydrology. This is especially more pertinent at a time when the diversity of sensors in satellites and ground-based operational weather monitoring systems provide large volumes of data on a real-time basis.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2018

Patients who visit the emergency room with urinary stones have difficulty lying down in a supine position due to severe pain when performing the KUB test. The purpose of this study was to find methods to reduce the patients' pain and image distortion, and obtain medical images with high diagnostic values. After checking the standard classification of disease and cause of death, the target group consisted of 121 patients who had clearly distinguished stones from computed tomography. Patients with stones in the ureteralvesical junction were excluded. Qualitative image evaluation was performed by confirming the location of the stone in the computed tomography images. and evaluated the rate of visual discrimination of stones possible through KUB and abdominal plain X-ray. Quantitative image evaluation was performed on the KUB, abdominal plain X-ray images. The transverse process of the first lumbar vertebrae served as the standard point, and the length from this point to the lower part of the stone was measured. Results from looking at the rate of visual discrimination of stones possible through KUB and abdominal plain X-ray showed: 94 patients (77.6%) for KUB images and 91 patients (75.2%) for computed tomography images. The standard deviation for KUB and abdominal X-ray was 3 (2.4%). Comparing and analyzing the location from KUB images and abdominal plain X-ray images, the stone position was 10.1 mm in the kidney, 10.5 mm in the ureteropelvic junction, and 9.7 mm in the ureters. It was shown that the stone moved 10 mm on average with significant statistical difference (P<0.05). In cases where the pain is so severe that it is impossible to perform the test in the supine position, an alternative may be to check the stone position by performing a modified KUB test by having the patient stand in a vertical position. In the future, this will provide convenience to both the examiner and the patient when performing the examination, and it will contribute with its reproducibility.

• The Journal of Bigdata
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.63-81
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• 2021

The performance of natural language processing is rapidly improving due to the recent development and application of machine learning and deep learning technologies, and as a result, the field of application is expanding. In particular, as the demand for analysis on unstructured text data increases, interest in NLP(Natural Language Processing) is also increasing. However, due to the complexity and difficulty of the natural language preprocessing process and machine learning and deep learning theories, there are still high barriers to the use of natural language processing. In this paper, for an overall understanding of NLP, by examining the main fields of NLP that are currently being actively researched and the current state of major technologies centered on machine learning and deep learning, We want to provide a foundation to understand and utilize NLP more easily. Therefore, we investigated the change of NLP in AI(artificial intelligence) through the changes of the taxonomy of AI technology. The main areas of NLP which consists of language model, text classification, text generation, document summarization, question answering and machine translation were explained with state of the art deep learning models. In addition, major deep learning models utilized in NLP were explained, and data sets and evaluation measures for performance evaluation were summarized. We hope researchers who want to utilize NLP for various purposes in their field be able to understand the overall technical status and the main technologies of NLP through this paper.