• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.119-126
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• 2024

This paper reviewed and provides clarifications as to the meaning and concept of Smart Cities with particular reference to the Smart City Components. The paper also discusses Internet of Things and the Big Data in relation to the role they played in the development and evolution of smart cities. The paper further provides discussions on the 5G Wireless Networks and Industry 4.0 buttressing their significance in the smart cities concept. The paper as the name implies; discusses on the readiness and adaptability of this trending concept 'Smart City' in the African global space.

• The Journal of Sustainable Design and Educational Environment Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.34-43
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to provide a basis for determining when a school established long term school plans accepted by analyzing the trend of increase or decrease elementary school students 30 years to target of following nine cities, 552 elementary schools in Korea - 4 metropolitan cities(Ilsan, Bundang, Jungdong, Pyungchon, Sanbon, Dongtan and Kwangkyo), 4 central regional cities (Chunan, Asan, Seosan and Nonsan), 3 south-eastern regional cities(Pohang, Woolsan, Jinju, Changwon and Kyungsan) and 4south-western regional cities(Kwangju, Jeonju, Suncheon and Kunsan) for this purpose. Results of this study are as follows: First, the most common type was type 5, accounting for 56.8% (658) of the total, followed by type 11 (12.8%), type 13 (7.9%), type 15 (5.6%). Of the total 15 types, type 1, type 3, type 7 and type 14 accounted for less than 1% of the total. Second, the results of the Conflict Model I and Conflict Model II showed that Type1 and Type7 were not needed to be adopted.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.149-166
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to produce time-distance cartograms based on the various Korean transportation networks, and to analyze the spatial structure of time-distance accessibilities. For the purpose this study attempts to develop continuous area cartogram by utilizing Wolf's algorithm for creating contiguous cartogram in ArcGIS 9. The absolute physical space was transformed to the functional space indexed by time-distances along various transportation networks in Korea. We examined the differences in the time-distance accessibilities among transportation networks. This study makes a comparison between the spatial structure of time-distance accessibility of KTX network with them of existing railroad network, as well as with them of road network. In order to clarify the spatial structures of time-distance accessibilities, we restructured them on the time-distance circular diagrams and performing Multi-Dimensional Scaling analysis. Overall structure of time-distance accessibilities shows similar patterns: The time distances are shrinked a lot along the Seoul-Busan axis, while coastal parts, in particular the eastern part of the county, are shrinked relatively little via all transportation networks. The Road network affects significantly on the accessibilities of cities in Gangwon-do and Gyeonggi-do, while railway network affects on the accessibilities of cities in Jeolla-do and Gyeongsang-do in general. When we compared the time-distance accessibilities based on the 5 largest cities, Seoul appears as the most accessible city from/to all other cities in Korea. We can also find significant changes in the time-distance accessibility between KTX network and existing railroad network. Cities along the KTX network, in particular cities which has KTX stops, improved significantly in time-distance accessibilities.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.264-276
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• 2015

Background: Healthy cities of Korea have engaged in various activities regarding the Korea Healthy Cities Partnership, and research activities on healthy cities is one of the important area. In the present context, due to the current policy to pursue Sustainable Development Goals locally and globally, it is essential to emphasize the importance of healthy city. Therefore, it is important to identify the research trend related to healthy city. The aim of this study was to find out research trend of healthy city studies from 1990 to 2014 by reviewing published papers and studies systematically. Based on the finding of the study, the necessary implications on future research directions of the healthy city are obtained. Methods: The area of this study is domestic journal (Korea), international journal, thesis, and research report focusing on healthy city from 1990 to 2014. The selection of data was performed using keyword is based on domestic and international database. The analysis criteria were divided into year of publication, type of study, subjects, study methods, and study area. Results: One hundred twenty papers were selected for the analysis. Papers related to the healthy city issue were published 4.8 times in an average in a year during that the period. However, the number of papers published increased dramatically in the recent 4 years. Of total, 28 papers (44.4%) focused on the healthy city policy and urban environmental improvement, 18 papers (28.6%) focused on health promotion, and the remaining were program centered. Most papers (71 out of 120) used quantitative study methods. Of total studies, studies have conducted in Jinju city (9), Wonju city (8), Changwon city (6), and Gangnam-gu (5), respectively, as a study area of healthy city. Conclusion: First, domestic healthy city researches has been gradually increasing every year, over the past 10 years which has heightened interest in healthy cities. Second, the expansion of the various areas of research is required in order to contribute to future sustainable healthy city. Third, in recent years, by taking advantage of a variety of research methods, conducting the qualitative and mixed method research is considered to be a desirable change.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.29
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• pp.12.1-12.8
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• 2014

Objectives Cohort studies of associations between air pollution and health have used exposure prediction approaches to estimate individual-level concentrations. A common prediction method used in Korean cohort studies is ordinary kriging. In this study, performance of ordinary kriging models for long-term particulate matter less than or equal to $10{\mu}m$ in diameter ($PM_{10}$) concentrations in seven major Korean cities was investigated with a focus on spatial prediction ability. Methods We obtained hourly $PM_{10}$ data for 2010 at 226 urban-ambient monitoring sites in South Korea and computed annual average $PM_{10}$ concentrations at each site. Given the annual averages, we developed ordinary kriging prediction models for each of the seven major cities and for the entire country by using an exponential covariance reference model and a maximum likelihood estimation method. For model evaluation, cross-validation was performed and mean square error and R-squared ($R^2$) statistics were computed. Results Mean annual average $PM_{10}$ concentrations in the seven major cities ranged between 45.5 and $66.0{\mu}g/m^3$ (standard deviation=2.40 and $9.51{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively). Cross-validated $R^2$ values in Seoul and Busan were 0.31 and 0.23, respectively, whereas the other five cities had $R^2$ values of zero. The national model produced a higher cross-validated $R^2$ (0.36) than those for the city-specific models. Conclusions In general, the ordinary kriging models performed poorly for the seven major cities and the entire country of South Korea, but the model performance was better in the national model. To improve model performance, future studies should examine different prediction approaches that incorporate $PM_{10}$ source characteristics.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.688-698
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• 2018

The government has recognized the importance of smart city indicators and prepared the legal grounds for the certification of smart cities in the recently revised "Act on Smart City Development and Industrial Promotion." This study derived smart city indicators adequate for the domestic conditions and compatible with the overseas trends by examining and complementing the indicators through an AHP analysis based on consultations and interviews (surveys) with experts and local government officials, who are actually carrying out related projects. In addition, the adequacy and reliability of the indicators were confirmed by verifying and certifying the Korean local governments' smart city plans through demand surveys on a trial basis. This study is meaningful in that it systematically studies the smart city indicators that have gained in importance and reviews their application. The findings of this study can be used as a basis for implementing a smart cities certification system in the future. Recently, the Special Committee on Smart Cities was established under the Committee for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. This committee is composed of civilian members and is working with the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport, the Ministry of Science and ICT, etc., to promote the creation of smart cities. It is expected that smart city indicators that include the levels of both domestic and overseas smart cities will boost the active spread of such cities in Korea.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.53-79
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• 2008

In this study, we conducted a comprehensive study to analyze the environmental behavior of airborne Ni for the proper establishment of basic control tactics based on the metal concentration data sets collected from the major cities in Korea for the 14 year period(1991 through 2004). The mean concentration of Ni determined from all cities during the entire study period varied from as little as 7.38+6.70 ng $m^3$(Won Ju) to the maximum of 41.4+26.2 ng $m^3$ in a highly industrialized city of An San. However, the mean concentrations of Ni from most cities generally fell in the range of 10 to 20 ng $m^3$. When the Ni concentration data in all cities are compared between the former half(1991 to 1997) and the latter half period(1998 to 2004), a reduction in its concentration levels was seen dominantly between the two study period. Comparison of seasonal patterns generally indicated the enhanced concentrations of Ni during spring/winter relative to summer/fall term. The overall results of this study suggest that the source processes of Ni are diverse enough to exhibit moderately diverse patterns between different cities. Considering that relative enhancement in Ni levels is observed from most of industrial and/or large scale cities, a development of adequate control tactics for Ni is highly desirable.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.45-59
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• 2015

The urban-rural consolidated city has emerged in order to promote the balanced development of urban region and rural region. Targeted 11 urban-rural consolidated cities in Gyeonggi Province, this paper investigated the changes of economic space in accordance with the location of industrial activities. The number of establishments has increased in all cities. From the analysis of the changes in the economic space divided into urban regions and rural regions, concentration phenomenon of economic activities in urban regions was strengthened in 9 cities with the exception of Icheon-si and Anseong-si. Concentration of economic activities in urban region was noticeable in Namyangju-si, Pocheon-si, and Yongin-si. 5 types were derived from the classification on the basis of locational changes of economic activities in urban region and rural region. They are 1) urban-rural gap deepen type, 2) urban region growth slowdown type, 3) rural region growth type, 4) urban-rural balanced growth type, and 5) urban region-led growth type. While urban-rural gap of the cities close to highly urbanized city or metropolis has intensified, the growth of urban region was weakened in the cities located away from the metropolis.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.354-380
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• 2010

Cities are the most important type of tourist destination across the world, and yet urban areas have neglected in most academic studies of tourism. Urban destinations serve as gateways for tourist entry to the country, as centers of accommodation and a base for excursion to rural areas as well as destinations in their own right. Increasingly cities rely on image promotion to attract tourists to cities. A city's image is the sum of beliefs, ideas, and impressions that a people have of a city. Image has always been of great interest and concern to city marketers. The image improvement is very important especially in urban tourism development because tourism overwhelmingly depends on image. The cost and effectiveness of the image improvement strategy depends on the city's current image and real attributes. Some cities are blessed with positive images. They don't require changing the image so much as amplifying it and delivering it to more target groups. Many cities are stuck with a negative image. They need to remove it and make a positive out of a negative to correct it. Image reversals, however, are difficult to accomplish. Some cities are not well known because they are small, lack attractions, or don't advertise. They need to identify, develop, and disseminate a strong positive image for the city.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.754-775
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• 2014

At the point of growth management, weighted values for the each index have been calculated by applying AHP method based on the interview. With calculated weighted values, an example assessment had been performed on Gyunggi area, a typical place where urban growth management is needed urgently, and intended to provide applicable implications by analyzing them when establishing the means of the urban growth management plans. The result of this research is presented in order of the weight values highest to lowest as below: 'preventing disordered urban sprawl', 'protecting taxpayers', 'promoting efficient urban development' and 'improving the quality of life'. When applied to Gyunggi area, the results are in similar patterns: 'preventing disordered urban sprawl (11 cities)', 'protecting taxpayers (11 cities)', 'improving the quality of life (5 cities)' and 'promoting efficient urban development (4 cities)'. To build the well-balanced urban growth management plans, two factors must be in consideration as well as with others, 'Improving quality of the life' and 'promoting efficient urban development'. Furthermore, the result of the index in this research can provide a guidance to local governments of provinces and cities to build their urban growth management plans in the future.