• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.3237-3243
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyze city's built environment that have influence on residents' health in the 40 small and medium-sized cities. In the study, landuse, urban form and facility accessibility of cities and other socio-demographic variables were used as explanatory variables, and a statistical analysis was carried out by applying multi-level analysis. Analysis shows that a high level of population density lower the obesity, and a high level of landuse-mix have a positive effect on EQ-5D & hypertension. In terms of urban form and facility accessibility, residents show a high level of obesity in an environment where roads are closely connected and access to bus service is bad. Finally, as more access to open space have a positive effect on EQ-5D. Therefore, landuse-mix, access to public transportation and open space should be used for planning factors to make a health improvement plan in cities.

• Advances in Energy Research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.179-205
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• 2017

This research presents an in-depth analysis of location planning of the solar-hydrogen power plants for electricity production in different cities situated in Kerman province of Iran. Ten cities were analyzed in order to select the most suitable location for the construction of a solar-hydrogen power plant utilizing photovoltaic panels. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) methodology was applied to prioritize cities for installing the solar-hydrogen power plant so that one candidate location was selected for each city. Different criteria including population, distance to main road, flood risk, wind speed, sunshine hours, air temperature, humidity, horizontal solar irradiation, dust, and land costare used for the analysis. From the analysis, it is found that among the candidates' cities, the site of Lalezar is ranked as the first priority for the solar-hydrogen system development. A measure of validity is obtained when results of the DEA method are compared with the results of the technique for ordering preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). Applying TOPSIS model, it was found that city of Lalezar ranked first, and Rafsanjan gained last priority for installing the solar-hydrogen power plants. Cities of Baft, Sirjan, Kerman, Shahrbabak, Kahnouj, Shahdad, Bam, and Jiroft ranked second to ninth, respectively. The validity of the DEA model is compared with the results of TOPSIS and it is demonstrated that the two methods produced similar results. The solar-hydrogen power plant is considered for installation in the city of Lalezar. It is demonstrated that installation of the proposed solar-hydrogen system in Lalezar can lead to yearly yield of 129 ton-H2 which covers 4.3% of total annual energy demands of the city.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.3-12
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• 2020

Recently, metropolitanization and suburbization have been occurring mainly in large cities, and spatial miss-match between residential and employment areas has increased. Spatial miss-match is different in the metropolitan cities and other metropolitan cities in Korea. Seoul and other metropolitan cities have grown to become centers of business functions, while other metropolitan cities have been transformed into residential function centers. Accordingly, The reverse commuting phenomenon is occurring in the rural metropolitan. The reverse commuting phenomenon limits the employment opportunities of specific classes among urban residents, and cause various problems such as environmental pollution and traffic congestion. Therefore, many studies on spatial mismatch and reverse commuting have been conducted, but a number of studies have been conducted on the Seoul metropolitan area, and research on other metropolitan areas is insufficient. The purpose of this study is to analyze the cause of the commuting phenomenon in the metropolitan area of the non-metropolitan area by considering spatial mismatch and understanding the reverse commutation situation in the local metropolitan area. This study is analyzed by a multi-level model and suggests the need for management of industrial location and expansion of residence in suburban.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.200-212
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• 1993

Wholesaling is important industry that is remarkable by the function and characteristics of city. This paper aims at examing the recent changes in hierarchy of cities and city classifi-cation by wholesale activities in Korea. In order to grasp the stydy purpose, this paper is to analuze the changes of categories by wholesale industry, and to grasp the change in the city classification with city hierachy of wholesale sales in 1968, 1979, and 1991. The data were obtained from the statistics in the Census of Wholesale and Retail Trade published by the National Statistical Office, in 1969, 1981, and 1992. As the result of examination, the following finding were obtained: 1. Wholesaling has developed form that of production and consumption goods wholesale, especially 'Wholesaling of Farm Products, Foods and Beverages' to that of investment goods that is 'Wholesaling of Machinery and Equipment' and 'Wholesaling of Transport Equipment and Parts'. 2. Wholesaling has developed in the medium and small cities in 1970's, and in the larger cities in 1980's. And the concentration ratio of six larger cities were lower than another cities in terms of wholesale sales, especially Seoul and Pusan. 3. Recently with income increment and a purchasing power, city classification was changed by the increasing number of wholesale establi-shments of 'Automotive Parts and Tyres' in 1970's and of 'Office, Computing and Accounting Machines and Motor Vehicles' in 1980's.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.12-23
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• 2016

Background: Many studies have explained regional disparities in health by socioeconomic status and healthcare resources, focusing on differences between urban and rural area. However some cities in Korea have the highest cardiovascular mortality, even though they have sufficient healthcare resources. So this study aims to confirm three hypotheses. (1) There are also regional health disparities between cities not only between urban and rural area. (2) It has different regional risk factors affecting cardiovascular mortality whether it is urban or rural area. (3) Besides socioeconomic and healthcare resources factors, there are remnant factors that affect regional cardiovascular mortality such as health behavior and physical environment. Methods: The subject of this study is 227 local authorities (si, gun, and gu). They were categorized into city (gu and si consisting of urban area) and non-city (gun consisting of rural area), and the city group was subdivided into 3 parts to reflect relative different city status: city 1 (Seoul, Gyeonggi cities), city 2 (Gwangyeoksi cities), and city 3 (other cities). We compared their mortalities among four groups by using analysis of variance analysis. And we explored what had contributed to it in whole authorities, city and non-city group by using multiple regression analysis. Results: Cardiovascular mortality is highest in city 2 group, lowest in city 1 group and middle in non-city group. Socioeconomic status and current smoking significantly increase mortality regardless of group. Other than those things, in city, there are some factors associated with cardiovascular mortality: walking practice(-), weight control attempt(-), deficiency of sports facilities(+), and high rate of factory lot(+). In non-city, there are other factors different from those of city: obesity prevalence(+), self-perceiving obesity(-), number of public health institutions(-), and road ratio(-). Conclusion: To reduce cardiovascular mortality and it's regional disparities, we need to consider differentiated approach, respecting regional character and different risk factors. Also, it is crucial to strengthen local government's capacity for practicing community health policy.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.22 no.3 s.74
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• pp.27-39
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• 2004

The previous studies on analyzing the effects of traffic safety policies are very limited. Implementing traffic safety policies in view of their own urban traffic characteristics would be fairly desirable to handle properly the traffic safety problems. The relationships between traffic accidents and traffic safety policies have been researched by classifying the eighty one cities in Korea into four groups in terms of the size of the city population. Statistical analysis have been conducted for traffic accidents data and traffic safety policies, respectively. In order to mearsure the effectiveness of the traffic policies in the real world, regression models have been developed by handling the accident data and policy data. As a result of analysing the data, the traffic policies have showed different effects according to the size of the cities. While budget investment policies had provided enormous influences to reduce traffic accidents in the big cities more than a half million polulation, traffic enforcement and traffic education have been so efficient to control traffic accident problems in the smaller cities less than a half million poluation.

• Atmosphere
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.257-271
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• 2011

The aim of this study is to examine weather modification by urbanization and human activities. The characteristics of the urban heat island (UHI) and precipitation in Seoul metropolitan area of Korea are investigated to demonstrate that cities can change or modify local and nearby weather and climate, and to confirm that cities can initiate convection, change the behavior of convective precipitation, and enhance downstream precipitation. The data used in this study are surface meteorological station data observed in Seoul and its nearby 5 cities for the period of 1960 to 2009, and 162 Automatic Weather System stations data observed in the Seoul metropolitan area from 1998 to 2009. Air temperature and precipitation amount tend to increase with time, and relative humidity decreases because of urbanization. Similar to previous studies for other cities, the average maximum UHI is weakest in summer and is strong in autumn and winter, and the maximum UHI intensity is more frequently observed in the nighttime than in the daytime, decreases with increasing wind speed, and is enhanced for clear skies. Relatively warm regions extend in the east-west direction and relatively cold regions are located near the northern and southern mountains inside Seoul. The satellite cities in the outskirts of Seoul have been rapidly built up in recent years, thus exhibiting increases in near-surface air temperature. The yearly precipitation amount during the last 50 years is increased with time but rainy days are decreased. The heavy rainfall events of more than $20mm\;hr^{-1}$ increases with time. The substantial changes observed in precipitation in Seoul seem to be linked with the accelerated increase in the urban sprawl in recent decades which in turn has induced an intensification of the UHI effect and enhanced downstream precipitation. We also found that the frequency of intense rain showers has increased in Seoul metropolitan area.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.151-160
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• 2020

Various smart city projects have been actively promoted as important policies of governments in various countries. The key to the success of smart cities led by governments is to develop sustainable governance through the expansion and proliferation of outcomes. This study comparatively analyzed the smart city policies of the USA and Europe from viewpoints of outcome expansion and proposed policy directions for smart cities in Korea. The comparison items were case cities, the expansion of smart city technologies and services, the measurement of outcomes, the accumulation of knowledge and information, and standardization. This study found that the items of each index were linked for the purpose of assessment, expansion, and the creation of successful cases in the USA and Europe. Based on our analysis, four policy directions were proposed that included the early provision of follow-up measures for case cities, the development of a project performance assessment system, the provision of an integrated knowledge accumulation system, and an earnest promotion of industry activation policies.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.257-268
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• 2017

The three cities, Yeosu, Suncheon, and Gwangyang, in located in Gwangyang Bay which functions as a representative coastal industrial area in Korea, form a single functional area of living, municipality, and economy. In this regional context, some local merchants and scholars are promoting a inter-municipal cooperation of three cities. This study analyzes how the group of specialists perceives and evaluates the inter-municipal cooperation of three cities. The group of specialists highly evaluate the potential of future development of Gwangyang Bay region, and the relevance and necessity of feasibility of inter-municipal cooperation of three cities. It is estimated that the inter-municipal cooperation of three cities would need 8.3 years for its full-fledged shape. In order to accomplish the inter-municipal cooperation, the sharing the development vision of Gwangyang Bay region and the understanding and consent of the residents for the inter-municipal cooperation are suggested as the most important factors.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.87-103
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• 1996

The purposes of this research are to investigate the pollution level of heavy metals due to the urbanization and industrialization in the satellite cities of Seoul, and to assess the chemical species and the sources of heavy metals in highly contaminated soils and dusts. Soil and dust samples were collected from the Uijeongbu and the Koyang cities, which are northern and the northwestern satellite cities of Seoul metropolitan city, respectively. Relatively high pH values($6.3{\sim}9.9$) were found in roadside soils compared with agricultural and forest soils. Difference in pH values of soils was not identified between before and after rainy seasons. In spite of no specific pollution sources in the above cities, the contents of Cu, Pb, and Zn in soils and dusts were much higher than the world average contents. The metal levels in dusts were higher than those in soils, but the metal concentration in dusts was significantly decreased after rainy season. Pollution index was high(> 1.0) in the areas of heavy traffic, industrial complex, and city centres. There is an appreciable proportion of total Zn in exchangeable/water-acid soluble fraction. Copper is predominantly associated with reducible and oxidizable phases, whereas Pb is largely in reducible association. It is concluded that the mobility and bioavailability of metals are high in the order of Zn >> Cu > Pb, on the basis of characteristic particle morphology and chemical composition, Pb-containing particles are originated probably from the automobile exhaust, particularly in heavy traffic areas. The metallic forms and iron-oxide associated forms of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb can be assessed as industrial origin.