• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1120-1125
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• 2012

Cirsium pendulum plants were collected from Hongcheon, Pyeongchang, Wonju, Yangyang in Kangwondo, Gapyeong in Gyeongkido, and Choongju in Choongcheongbukdo. Cirsium setidens plants were collected from Taebaek in Kangwondo and Bonghwa in Kyeongsangbukdo. Genomic DNA was prepared from those plants and used for the amplification of 18S rDNA, ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, ITS2, and part of 28S rDNA. The PCR products were sequenced, and the sequence was deposited in the GenBank. The comparison of those sequences has revealed that the rDNA sequences are identical for all six C. pendulum plants, but that the ITS1 and ITS2 sequences contain variable nucleotides. The two C. setidens plants had different nucleotides in 18S rDNA, ITS1, and ITS2. The comparison of the DNA sequences of C. pendulum and C. setidens collected in this study with C. pendulum of Hokkaido in Japan and C. japonicum of Anhui in China indicated that the plants of those three species are clearly divided into three distinct groups. The silymarin content of the collected plants was analyzed and turned out to be quite high. Therefore, it has been found that both C. pendulum and C. setidens plants are producing large amounts of silymarin, which has been reported to have various medicinal effects.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.110-117
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• 2013

Cirsium japonicum (CJ) leaf (L) alcoholic extracts were investigated for analysis their active components (flavonoids and flavanolignans; silymarins) and inhibitory effect on transforming growth factor (TGF)-${\beta}$ induced hepatic stellate cells (HSCs, LX-2 cells) activation. The CJ root (R) extracts were also analyzed and compared with leaf extracts. Total flavonoid and polyphenol contents of the leaf extracts showed higher than those of the root extracts. The content of each flavonoid compound, which was analyzed by HPLC, in CJ-L extracts was also higher than in CJ-R extracts. The results of flavanolignans content in CJ-L and CJ-R extracts were consistent in flavonoid and polyphenol. We studied inhibitory effect of two extracts against TGF-${\beta}1$ induced HSCs activation. The CJ-L extracts significantly suppressed overexpression of profibrogenic factor, ${\alpha}$-smooth muscle actin and collagen-${\alpha}1$(I). The CJ-R extract also showed inhibitory effect on TGF-${\beta}1$ induced HSCs activation, but the efficacy was lower than in CJ-L extract. These results suggest that CJ-L may contribute to the fibrotic liver treatment.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.509-519
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• 2018

This study was investigated the anti-oxidant property and neuro-protective effect of Cirsium japonicum var. maackii (CJM) against oxidative stress in hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)-induced C6 glial cells. We measured the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, hydroxyl radical (${\cdot}OH$), and superoxide ($O_2{^-}$) radical scavenging activities of an ethanol extract and four fractions [n-Butanol, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), $CHCl_3$, and n-Hexane] from CJM. The results of this study show that the extract and all fractions from CJM had a dose-dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity. In particular, the EtOAc fraction exhibited the strongest scavenging effect with 88.23% at a concentration of $500{\mu}g/mL$. In addition, the EtOAc fraction from CJM also effectively scavenged ${\cdot}OH$ radicals and $O_2{^-}$ radicals, compared to other extract and fractions. In C6 glial cells, $H_2O_2$ markedly decreased the cell viability as well as increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. However, the EtOAc fraction of CJM attenuated the cellular damage from the oxidative stress by elevating the cell viability and inhibiting the LDH release and ROS over-production compared with the $H_2O_2$-treated control group. Our findings indicate that the EtOAc fraction from CJM has antioxidant effect and neuro-protective effect against oxidative stress, suggesting that it can be used as a natural antioxidant and therapeutic agent for the prevention of neurodegenerative disorders.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.3
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• pp.290-296
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• 2009

In this study, we considered the combustion of the various herbs in youngdong areas such as festuca ovina, isodeon japonicus, oplismenus undulatifolius, pueraria thunbergiana, and cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense using the ignition temperature tester, cone calorimeter, smoke density chamber. We confirmed that the range of ignition temperature was $400{\sim}455^{\circ}C$ and the time to ignition and flameout were not recorded. The total heat release of isodeon japonicus was highest and the smoke release of festuca ovina was highest, and the yield of CO and $CO_2$ of pueraria thunbergiana, and cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense were highest among the samples. As a result, we concluded that isodeon japonicus will impact the fire intensity and fire spread and festuca ovina, pueraria thunbergiana, and cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense will influence the refuge.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.217-221
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• 2020

Cirsium japonicum var. maackii (CM) has been used to treat certain medical conditions such as hemorrhage, hepatitis, and hypertension. Cirsimaritin was previously found as the major flavonoid in CM and is said to contribute to its pharmacological effects. There are currently no reports detailing the qualitative and quantitative detection of phytochemical indicators in the aerial parts of CM. Therefore, we developed a method to rapidly identify and quantify cirsimaritin in CM using HPLC/UV, and we optimized and validated this analytical method. The results showed good linearity in the concentration range tested (0.25-0.015 mg/mL, r² ≥ 0.9999), accuracy (93.9-111.3%), and precision (RSD ≤ 0.59%). The developed method can therefore be used for the rapid evaluation of cirsimaritin in CM.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.211-216
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• 2011

Herbal medicines are widely used in many countries for the treatment of many diseases. Although the use of herb extracts as alternative medicine is growing, their toxicological properties have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we have investigated the effects of water and ethanol extracts of 18 herbs on the hepatic lipid metabolism and steatogenic hepatotoxicity. Ethanol extracts of Cirsium japonicum, Carthamus tinctorius, Rehmanniae glutinosa (preparata), Polygala tenuifolia, Foeniculum vulgare, Polygonum multiflorum, and Acorus gramineus and water extracts of Polygonum multiflorum and Rehmanniae glutinosa induced lipid accumulation in Sk-hep1 human hepatoma cells as determined by Nile red staining. These extracts increased the luciferase activity of sterol regulatory element (SRE) and decreased that of peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE), indicating the possibilities of enhanced fatty acid synthesis and decreased fatty acid oxidation. To identify the components responsible for the fat accumulation, we tested 50 chemicals isolated from the nine herbs. Apigenin, luteolin, pectolinarin and lupeol from Cirsium japonicum, 8-methoxypsoralen and umbelliferone from Foeniculum vulgare and pomonic acid and jiocerebroside from Rehmanniae glutinosa significantly increased the accumulation of lipid droplets. These results suggest that ethanol extracts of Cirsium japonicum, Carthamus tinctorius, Rehmanniae glutinosa (preparata), Polygala tenuifolia, Foeniculum vulgare, Polygonum multiflorum, and Acorus gramineus and water extracts of Polygonum multiflorum and Rehmanniae glutinosa can cause fatty liver disease by decreasing ${\beta}$-oxidation of fatty acid and increasing lipogenesis.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.119-131
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• 2021

Over-produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) exert oxidative damage on lipids, proteins, and DNA in the human body, which leads to the onset of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we explored the cellular antioxidant effect of Cirsium japonicum var. maackii (CJM) against hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced oxidative stress in neuronal cells. The antioxidant activity was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate and nitric oxide (NO) assays, and the molecular mechanisms were examined by Western blot analysis. H₂O₂ treatment of SH-SY5Y cells decreased cell viability and increased ROS and NO production compared to H₂O₂-untreated cells. However, CJM increased cell viability and decreased ROS and NO accumulation in the H₂O₂-treated SH-SY5Y cells compared to H₂O₂-treated control cells. Especially, the EtOAc fraction from CJM showed the strongest antioxidant effect compared with the other extracts and fractions. Therefore, we further examined the CJM mechanism against oxidative stress using the EtOAc fraction from CJM. The EtOAc fraction up-regulated the expressions of heme oxygenase-1, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1, and thioredoxin reductase 1. These results indicate that CJM promotes the activation of antioxidative enzymes, which eliminate ROS and NO, and further leads to an increase in the cell viability. Taken together, our results show that CJM exhibited an antioxidant activity in H₂O₂-treated SH-SY5Y cells, and it could be a novel antioxidant agent for the prevention or treatment of neurodegenerative disease such as AD.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.471-480
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• 2020

Background: The roots of Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense (RCJ) have been used as traditional medicine in Korea for hematuria and hematemesis. These extracts exert anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects by scavenging for free radical and regulating the inflammatory response. However, the effect of RCJ on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has not been elucidated. Thus, we evaluated the water extract of RCJ (WRCJ) using type II collagen-induced RA models. Methods and Results: RA was induced by immunization with type II collagen. All experimental materials were orally administered daily for three weeks. The positive control group was administered with 0.2 mg/kg methotrexate (n = 7), while the experimental group was administered with WRCJ (100 or 500 mg/kg, n = 7). Serum levels of TNF-alpha, Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and type II collagen IgG (CII) were measured using ELISA. Administration of 500 mg/kg WRCJ decreased the levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and CII. Moreover, WRCJ treatment diminished swelling of hind legs and infiltration of inflammatory cells in RA models' synovial membrane. Conclusions: These results indicate that WRCJ could improve RA, reduce inflammatory indicators and synovial inflammation. However, further experiments are required to determine how WRCJ can influence the signal transduction pathway in RA.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.137-149
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• 2022

We investigated the effects of Cirsium japonicum var. maackii (CJM) against oxidative stress-induced C6 glial cells and cognitive impairment in mice. To evaluate the anti-oxidative effect of the extract and fractions from CJM, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO) assays were conducted in H₂O₂-treated C6 glial cells. Furthermore, we identified the protective mechanisms of CJM with a scopolamine-treated mice model. The results revealed that H₂O₂ decreased the cell viability in C6 glial cells, indicating that H₂O₂ induced oxidative stress in glial cells. However, CJM fractions significantly increased cell viability in H₂O₂-treated C6 glial cells, which suggested that CJM protected against oxidative stress. CJM extract and fractions also reduced ROS and NO production, which were increased by H₂O₂ in C6 glial cells. In particular, the EtOAc fraction from CJM (EACJM) effectively protected against oxidative stress by increasing the cell viability and decreasing ROS and NO. Therefore, we carried out further in vivo experiments with EACJM. Scopolamine caused increases of ROS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and NO production. However, EACJM effectively alleviated ROS, TBARS, and NO levels compared to scopolamine-injected mice. In addition, EACJM up-regulated protein expressions of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, indicating that EACJM enhanced the antioxidative system. Our results demonstrated that CJM had protective effects against oxidative stress in glial cells and memory dysfunction in mice. Based on these results, we propose that CJM could be a potential AD preventive and therapeutic agent.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2003

Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense were extracted with methanol and then fractionated with nhexane, EtOAc and BuOH to get active fractions. And their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in each fraction were determined. Ethyl acetate and butanol fraction of Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense showed strong antioxidant activities, but hexane fraction did not show any activities. But in the antimicrobial test, Ethyl acetate fraction showed strong antimicrobial activities except to Aspergillus awamori, Asperigillus niger. Especially, Ethyl acetate fraction showed the strongest activities against Bacillus subtilis. And aqueous fraction showed the strongest activities against Cladosporium herbarum, Hypocrea nigricans. This study was performed to determine the antimutagenic and cytotoxic effect of Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense methanol extract on Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100 and cancer cell lines using Ames test and cytotoxicity assay, respectively. Cancer cell lines include human lung carcinoma(A549), human breast adenocarcinoma(MCF-7) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep3B). Futher fractionations with hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and water from methanol extract of Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense were performed to obtain effective fraction, methanol extract showed 60.14% inhibition effect on the mutagenesis induced by MNNG against TA100, while 77% and 72.5% inhibition was observed on the mutagenesis induced by 4NQO against TA98 and TA100, respectively. and methanol extract showed 82.25% and 73.7% inhibitory effect on the mutagenesis induced by Trp-P-1 against TA98 and TA100, respectively. methanol extract showed the strongest effect against A549, MCF-7 and Hep3B at the same concentration compared to those of other fration.