• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.227-236
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• 2009

Two stichotrichous ciliates, Amphisiella annulata (Kahl, 1928) and Pseudoamphisiella alveolata (Kahl, 1932), were collected from the Yellow Sea in Incheon, Korea and were identified as new to Korea. The main diagnostic key to the species of the genera are that the two species share the features of two macronuclear nodules, one marginal row per side, and transverse cirri. A. annulata is distinguishable from other members in the genus mainly due to the several ring-shaped (hollow) structures in its cytoplasm and its wide and narrowly arranged amphisiellid median cirral row. P. alveolata has a conspicuous alveolar layer and two conspicuous macronuclear nodules, but no frontoterminal cirri.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2009

Two ciliate species of Blepharisma were collected from the riverine wetland and mountain peak soil in Korea, Blepharisma undulans Stein, 1867 and B. steini Kahl, 1932, which are reported for the first time from Korea. The description was based on the observations of live and protargol impregnation specimens. Diagnostics of these species (Blepharisma undulans vs. B. steini) are as follows. Body length/width ratio in vivo about 6/1 vs. 2/1, shaped in spindle vs. pyriform to ellipsoid and colored in pinkish vs. reddish. Macronuclei 2 vs. 1, with 4-9 vs. 4-7 spherical micronuclei. Adoral zone of membranelles extends from anterior end to 1/3 vs. 1/2-2/3 of body length, with 47-56 vs. 33-45 adoral membranelles. The numbers of somatic kineties are 22-27 vs. 18-22.

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.128-135
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• 2019

Two euplotid ciliates, Euplotes encysticus Yonezawa, 1985 and E. rariseta Curds et al., 1974, were isolated from a freshwater pond called Mulgol in Dokdo of the East Sea and from Masan Bay/Jeju Island, Korea, respectively. Both species are redescribed based on live observations and protargol impregnation. Cells of Euplotes encysticus are asymmetrically oval, $63-79{\times}41-61{\mu}m$ in vivo and capable of encystment. The cells have 31-36 adoral zone of membranelles(AZM), 9 fronto-ventral cirri (FVC), 5 transverse cirri (TC), 2-3 caudal cirri (CC), 2 marginal cirri (MC), 7 dorsal kineties (DK), and 19-22 dorsal cilia in middle DK. The cells of Euplotes rariseta has a small ovoid form and are $32-44{\times}23-35{\mu}m$ in vivo, 18-22 AZM, 10 FVC, 5 TC, 2 CC, 1 MC and 6 DK.

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.184-190
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• 2021

The diversity of scuticociliates (subclass Scuticociliatia Small, 1967) had previously been superficially investigated in Korea and only 10 species were reported according to the National Species List of Korea published in 2019. Here, we identify four scuticociliates, collected from three coastal water samples, by observing protargol-impregnated specimens. As a result, the present species belong to the order Pleuronematida Fauré-Fremiet in Corliss, 1956 and their lower taxonomic classifications are as follows: family Eurystomatellidae Miao et al., 2010 - Eurystomatella sinica Miao et al., 2010; family Pleuronematidae Kent, 1881 - Pleuronema grolierei Wang et al., 2008, P. setigerum Calkins, 1902, and Schizocalyptra aeschtae Long et al., 2007. The family Eurystomatellidae and the genus Schizocalyptra Dragesco, 1968 are reported for the first time in Korea. Considering that the scuticociliates are a species-rich group and very common in most habitats(including freshwater and terrestrial habitats), our findings indicate that we are far from understanding the complete diversity of Korean scuticociliates.

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.301-320
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• 2021

During a field survey of indigenous Korean ciliates, we collected 21 unrecorded species from aquatic (freshwater and brackish water [salinity about 1.0‰] samples) and terrestrial(moss and soil samples) habitats. The morphology of these species was studied based on live observation, protargol, silver carbonate and silver nitrate impregnation, and scanning electron microscope. These species belong to seven classes as follows: 1) class Heterotrichea - Blepharisma seculum; 2) class Spirotrichea - Birojimia terricola, Bistichella variabilis, Deviata bacilliformis, Oxytricha paragranulifera, Parabistichella cf. variabilis, Steinia sphagnicola, Stichotricha aculeata, Stylonychia cf. notophora, and Tetmemena bifaria minima; 3) class Armophorea - Metopus es; 4) class Litostomatea - Acropisthium mutabile, Pseudomonilicaryon japonicum, and Rimaleptus alpinus; 5) class Phyllopharyngea - Podophrya bivacuolata; 6) class Nassophorea - Drepanomonas pauciciliata; and 7) class Oligohymenophorea - Dexiostoma campylum, Frontonia atra, Histiobalantium natans viridis, Opisthonecta minima, and Tetrahymena rostrata. Here, we provide a brief diagnosis and remark for each species.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.2_spc
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• pp.385-395
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• 2024

Ruminal ciliates are a fundamental constituent within the rumen microbiome of ruminant animals. The complex interactions between ruminal ciliates and other microbial guilds within the rumen ecosystems are of paramount importance for facilitating the digestion and fermentation processes of ingested feed components. This review underscores the significance of ruminal ciliates by exploring their impact on key factors, such as methane production, nitrogen utilization efficiency, feed efficiency, and other animal performance measurements. Various methods are employed in the study of ruminal ciliates including culture techniques and molecular approaches. This review highlights the pressing need for further investigations to discern the distinct roles of various ciliate species, particularly relating to methane mitigation and the enhancement of nitrogen utilization efficiency. The promotion of establishing robust reference databases tailored specifically to ruminal ciliates is encouraged, alongside the utilization of genomics and transcriptomics that can highlight their functional contributions to the rumen microbiome. Collectively, the progressive advancement in knowledge concerning ruminal ciliates and their inherent biological significance will be helpful in the pursuit of optimizing rumen functionality and refining animal production outcomes.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.349-362
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• 1999

To understand the role of protozoa in the early formation of microbial fouling community, the studies on the formation of microbial film, the succession of microbial fouling communities, and the grazing pressure on bacteria population in microbial film were carried out in the laboratory, Inchon outer port and Inchon inner harbour. Bacteria and heterotrophic flagellates formed primary microbial film on the aluminum surface within 6 hours and oligotrich ciliates were observed 2 cells $mm^{-2}$ on the same surface at 9 hours in Inchon inner harbour which had physically stagnant condition. The larvaes of Balanus albicostatus which were dominant meiobenthos in Inchon coastal area attached on the glass surface at the first day of experiment. Heterotrophic flagellates showed maximum abundance of 465 cells $mm^{-2}$ at the 13rd day and ciliates showed maximum abundance of 63 cells $mm^{-2}$ at the 11st day in the Inchon inner harbour. In the Inchon outer port which opens to the outer sea, the maximum abundance of protozoa occurred at early phase, but not so many. The dominant heterotrophic flagellates were Metrornonas simplex and Bodonids. Dominant ciliates were small tintinnids and oligotrich ciliate Strombidium sp., Large Strombidium (oligotrich ciliate) and sessile Acineta turberosa (suctorian ciliate) occurred after 10 days. The attached larvae of Balanus occurred as biofouling organism on the early surface and showed maximum abundance of 18 indiv. $cm^{-2}$ at 7th day. At that time, adult barnacles were observed on the surface and dead barnacles were observed after two days. Except barnacles, the larvaes of Anthozoa sp., Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and Polychaeta were observed on the surface from 3rd day. 3 benthic copepods including Harpacticus sp., I isopod, 1 polychaeta and 1 gastropoda were observed as predators of the microbial film on the surface after 7 days when microbial film developed very well. Although the ingestion rates of protozoa on the bactctia of the rnicrobi31 film were relatively low, the average grazing rate of protozoa on bacteria was high of 0.058 $h^{-1}$. This implied that the grazing pressure of protozoa influences the mortality of bacteria populations on the microbial film. but protozoa cannot get enough energy from only bacteria on the microbial film.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.217-231
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• 2018

Planktonic ciliates play an important role in the food web of marine ecosystem as well as a bio-indicator for invasive species from ballast waters or from changing flow of ocean currents due to climate changes. This study was carried out to find some evidences for introduction of such invasive species using ciliate plankton in four major international ports of Korea. We surveyed the seasonal species composition of planktonic ciliate to find out the evidence for the invasive species at Busan, Ulsan, Gwangyang and Incheon ports from February 2007 to November 2008. A total of 45 ciliates species, belonging to 15 genera, were identified during the study period: 33 species occurred at Busan, 31 at Gwangyang, 30 at Ulsan, 18 at Incheon. The abundance of naked ciliates ranged from 566 to $65,151cells\;L^{-1}$ and that of tintinnids 10 to $5,973cells\;L^{-1}$. Based on vector species of ciliates reported from Coos Bay in Oregon, 13 vector species of tinitinnids were identified as follows, Eutintinnus lususundae, E. tubulosus, Favella ehrenbergii, F. taraikaensis, Helicostomella subulata, Stenosemella nivalis, Tintinnopsis ampla, T. beroidea, T. cylindrica, T. directa, T. lohmanni, T. radix, T. rapa. All vector species occurred at Gwangyang port. Most tintinnids were mainly neritic species throughout the survey, while warm water species occurred only in short period at Busan, Ulsan and Gwangyang ports that might be affected seasonally by Tsushima warm current.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.174-187
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• 2008

In an effort to identify structure and function of microbial loop in Paldang reservoir, we monitored environmental and biological factors at Kyungan stream (station K), Paldang dam (station P) and the confluence of North and South Han River (station M) from March to December, 2005. DOC concentration was higher in March to May and November than the others. Nutrient concentration in station K detected relatively higher than that of two stations. Both of phosphate and silicate gradually increased at all stations until September, after then decreased. The highest Chl-$\alpha$ concentration was observed at all stations in April, and November. The carbon biomass of bacteria and HNF were relatively higher in March, May and August than the others, whereas that of the ciliate showed no significant difference in monthly fluctuation. Nevertheless, the significant relationships revealed between ciliate (P<0.001) and HNF (P<0.05) and bacterial density. Tintinnopsis cratera, Didinium sp., Vorticella sp., Paramecium sp. and Strombidium sp. were dominant species in ciliate community. The dominant species of phytoplankton were Stephanodiscus hantzschii and Cyclotella meneghiniana at almost stations in Spring, Summer and Autumn. However, Aulacoseira granulata accounted for >95% of phytoplankton biomass at station P and M in Autumn. The carbon biomass of zooplankton was highest at station P and M in June, and relatively higher biomass observed at all stations in August, October and November. Diaphanosoma brachyurum and Bosmina longirostris were dominant in stations P and M of June and in all stations of October and November, respectively. The maximum growth (A. granulata: $0.17\;d^{-1}$, S. hantzschii: $0.14\;d^{-1}$) and grazing rate (A. granulata: 1.93 preys $d^{-1}$, S. hantzschii: 1.63 preys $d^{-1}$) of Bosmina longirostris revealed in algal preys as Aulacoseira granulata and Stephanodiscus hantzschii. In conclusion, these results suggest that bacteria and phytoplankton can play the most crucial source as prey within microbial food chain in Spring and Summer and grazing food chain in Autumn, respectively.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.106-113
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• 2007

Biological characteristics of Philasteridies dicentrarchi (Ciliophora:Scuticociliate) isolated from the cultured olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus was determined out by culture, growth conditions, and in vitro relief effect of chemical compounds. The scuticociliate has an active propagation ability by utilizing organic matters obtained from cell strain, bacteria, assorted feed, brain tissue and rotifer tissue. The ciliate achieved population growth activity under the conditions of $5{\sim}45\;ppt$ in salinity and pH 6-9. The ciliate had survived and propagated under the water temperature ranging $10{\sim}30^{\circ}C$, but active growth was observed in the temperature ranges of $10{\sim}25^{\circ}C$. Therapeutic trials were performed with formalin and hydrogen peroxide. The extermination time of the parasites with formalin was in 30 minutes both at 300 and 400 ppm, 60 minutes at 200 ppm, 90 minutes at 100 ppm, and 120 minutes at 50 ppm, respectively. In hydrogen peroxide treatments extermination time was 60 minutes in 300 ppm, 90 minutes in 200 ppm, and 150 minutes at 150 ppm and 100 ppm concentrations.