• Toxicological Research
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2015

Owing to the increase in price of cigarettes in Korea, herbal cigarettes have received increasing attention as a non-smoking aid; however, its safety has hardly been studied. We analyzed some of the toxic components in the mainstream smoke of herbal cigarettes, performed a mutagenicity test on smoke condensates for safety assessment, and compared the results with the corresponding values of a general cigarette with the same tar content. Herbal cigarette "A" was smoked using automatic smoking machine under ISO conditions in a manner similar to general cigarette "T". The tar content measured was higher than that inscribed on the outside of a package. The mainstream smoke of herbal cigarette "A" did not contain detectable levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines and nicotine. Carbon monoxide and benzo(${\alpha}$)pyrene contents in herbal cigarette "A" were higher than those in the general cigarette "T". The phenolic contents such as hydroquinone, resorcinol, and catechol in herbal cigarette "A" were higher than those in the general cigarette "T", but cresol contents in herbal cigarette "A" were lower than those in the general cigarette "T". The content of aromatic amines such as 4-aminobiphenyl in herbal cigarette "A" was higher than that in the general cigarette "T"; however, this difference was not statistically significant. On the other hand, 1-aminonaphthalene, 2-aminonaphthalene, and 3-aminobiphenyl contents in herbal cigarette "A" were lower than those in the general cigarette "T". The smoke condensates of herbal cigarette "A" exhibited a higher mutagenic potential than the condensates from the general cigarette "T" at the same concentration. We concluded that the mainstream smoke of herbal cigarette contains some toxic components, the smoke condensates of herbal cigarettes are mutagenic similar to general cigarette because of combustion products, and that the evaluation of the chemical and biological safety of all types of herbal cigarettes available on the market.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.170-176
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate whether Chrysanthermum zawadskii var. latilobum Kitamura (C. zawadskii) extracts has an inhibitory effect against the mutagenicity by cigarette smoke condensates (CSC). C. zawadskii was extracted with 70% ethanol and the yield was 18.5%. We further fractioned 70% ethanol extract sequentially to diethylether, chloroform, dichloromethane, and aqueous water, and gained the yield of 17.5%, 5.6%, 5.8%, 32.8% and 35.5%, respectively. In the Ames test, there was no mutagenic effect of crude extract and its solvent fractions up to 2 mg/plate toward Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 with or without S-9 mix metabolic activations. On the contrary, the crude extract showed an inhibitory activity against the mutagenicity of CSC in the presence of S-9 mix metabolic activation. Diethyl ether layer among five solvent fractions showed the highest inhibitory activity. The inhibitory activity of diethyl ether fraction was also increased in a dose-dependent manner and the inhibitory rate was about 97.7% at the concentration of 1 mg/plate. In this study, we conclude that crude extract of C. zawadskii itself is potentially safe for mutagenicity, and the diethyl ether fraction has an inhibitory effect against the mutagenicity of CSC.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.3-7
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• 1990

Cigarette smoke is an aerosol consisted of both vapor and Particulate phases. In this study, the smoke condensates from several blended cigarettes were dissolved in water and the pH of the resulting solution was determined. The pH of the smoke condensate decreased with increase of puff number. In the beginning the pH decreased a little, while decreased remarkably from puff No.5 to puff No.10.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.110-117
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• 2007

In vitro toxicity tests such as cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and genotoxicity assay are useful for evaluating the relative toxicity of smoke or smoke condensates obtained from different cigarette configurations. A major disadvantage of these tests is relatively time-consuming, complicated and expensive. Recently, a cell-free glutathione consumption assay (GCA) as a rapid and simple screening method for the toxicity assessment of smoke has been reported by Cahours et al. (CORESTA, 2006). This study was carried out to assess the GCA application capable of predicting the toxicity of gas/vapor phase (GVP) of cigarette smoke and to identify individual compounds responsible for the glutathione (GSH) consumption in smoke. Each GVPs from 2R4F, standard cigarette, carbon filter cigarette (ExC) and new carbon filter cigarette (ExN), test cigarettes were collected by automatic smoking machine and evaluated the relative toxicity by GCA and neutral red uptake (NRU) assay. Toxic compounds existed in smoke were also chosen, relative toxicities of these compounds were screened by using two methods and compared individually. The overall order of toxicity by GCA was 2R4F > ExC > ExN, which was consistent with the result of Neutral Red Uptake assay. The levels of carbonyl compounds of ExN were lower than those of 2R4F and ExC, indicating that GSH consumption was associated with carbonyl compound yields. A major toxicant under current study is acrolein, which contributed to more than half of the GSH consumption. Collectively, the toxicity of GVP determined by GCA method may be mainly attributed to acrolein.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.136-144
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• 1997

Cigarette smoking is known to suppress both 1-methy14-phenyl-155,Ltetrahydropy-ridine (MPTP)-induced parkinsonism and idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the precise mechanism underlying its protective action against PD is not clearly elucidated yet. In order to find possible clue on the mechanism of protective action of smoking, we investigated the inhibitory effect of cigarette smoke components on rat brain mitochondria1 monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), responsible enzyme for the activation of MPTP to its toxic metabolitesr and identified the components having an inhibitory potency on this enzyme from cigarette smoke. Total 31 eligible constituents including nicotine were selected from cigarette smoke condensates via solvents partitioning and silica gel chromatographic separation, and inhibitory potencies of 19 components on MAO-B were determined. Hydroquinone and methylcatechol, the phenolic components, showed the strongest inhibitory potencies on MAO-B activity in the components tested. 3,4-Dihydroxybenzylamino, myosmine and indole in basic fracton, eugenol in phenolic fraction, and farnesol in neutral fraction also inhibited the enzyme activity dose-dependently. Among tobacco alkaloids tested only myosmine was effective for the inhibition of this enzyme. These results suggest that the decrease in MAO-B activity by such components derived from cigarette smoke seems to be related to the suppression of MPTP-induced neurotoxicity and to the less incidence of Parkinson's disease in smokers than in nonsmokers.

• 분석과학
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.146-153
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• 2017

In this study, we isolated ginseng crude saponin (GCS) from Korean red ginseng (KRG) and determined the ginsenoside content in it to investigate the physiological and pathological effects of GCS on acute pulmonary inflammation induced by intratracheal instillation of cigarette smoke condensates (CSC) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) solution in BALB/c mice. GCS was orally administered at doses of 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg for 3 weeks. The recovery rate of GCS from KRG was 6.5 % and total ginsenosides from GCS was 1.13 %, and the content of Rb1 was the highest among them. Total inflammatory cells in the lung homogenates and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) increased following intratracheal administration of CSC and LPS. However, GCS administration impaired this increase. Furthermore, it inhibited the increase in leukocytes in the blood, considerably decreased neutrophils in BALF, and declined infiltration of inflammatory cells and deposition of collagen in the tracheal and alveolar tissue. In this study, GCS was found to have a protective effect against acute pulmonary inflammation and it may be beneficial in preventing various respiratory diseases.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.201-208
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• 2017

Background: The present study was carried out to asses whether mulberry leaves (MLs) have the potential to inhibit the mutagenic effect of cigarette smoke condensates (CSCs). Methods and Results: ML powder was extracted with 70% ethanol, and a yield of 35.1% by weight was obtained. The 70% ethanol extract of ML was further extracted sequentially using diethyl ether, chloroform, butanol, dichloromethane and water. The crude 70% ethanol extract of MLs and its solvent fractions did not show any mutagenic effect when tested at concentrations up to 1 mg/plate against Salmonella typhimurium TA98. In contrast, the crude 70% ethanol extract showed an inhibitory activity against the mutagenicity of CSCs in the presence of S-9 mixture. Among the solvent fractions, the diethyl ether fraction showed the highest inhibitory activity, which increased in a dose-dependent manner, inhibiting mutagenesis by approximately 97.1% at a concentration of 1 mg/plate. Conclusions: In this study, we found that a crude 70% ethanol extract of MLs and the diethyl ether fraction themselves are potentially not mutagenic, but inhibit the mutagenic effect of CSCs.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 1991

Ames test using special strains which are histidine requiring mutant of Salmonella typhimufium , is widely utilized as short-term bioassay to evaluate the genotoxicity of chemicals. This method requires the liver microsome(5-9 fraction) to provide mammalian metabolism of the compounds, Therefore, the mutagenic potency of the chemicals is affected by not only the intrinsic properties of them but also the efficiency of the in vitro microsomal activation system. For this reason, the complex mixtures such as environmental pollutants from occupational sources, natural products or cigarette smoke condensates(CSC) , might be often appeared the false results. Induction of sister chromatid exchange(SCE) in cultured cells is known as another sensitive and powerful tool for the measurement of genotoxicity and the method has also an advantage which is able to apply to the in vitro and in vivo systems. In the present study, the inducibilities of revertant colonies in tester strain TA98 and SCE in human Iymphocytes by positive controls and total particulated materials(TPM) obtained from various brand(domastic and imported) cigarettes were compared in order to investigate whether the results in Ames test are in agreement with those in SCE analysis. The mutagenic activities of well known mutagens such as B(a)P showed excellent dose-response in the both methods although the induction mechanism was different each other, but cyclophosphamide resulted such effect only in SCE analysis. Most TPM tested showed a similar pattern in the mutagenic activities in those methods. However, only two(one imported brand and one domestic sample cigarettes) among the TMP obtained from various cigarettes appeared the higher induction in SCE than Ames test.