• 열처리공학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.17-21
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• 2001

The effects of Cr content above its solubility limit and thermomechanical treatment on tensile strength and electrical conductivity of Cu-Cr alloys were studied to obtain optimum Cr content exhibiting a high tensile strength without degradation of electrical conductivity. The increase in Cr content above the solubility limit increased tensile strength of Cu-Cr alloys without deterioration of the electrical conductivity. The electrical conductivity was not affected by cold rolling. The electrical conductivity of a Cu-3.5%Cr alloy subjected to cold rolling ${\rightarrow}$ aging treatment ($450^{\circ}C{\times}1hr$) ${\rightarrow}$ cold rolling was equal to that of the alloy subjected to cold rolling ${\rightarrow}$ aging treatment. However, the tensile strength of the alloy subjected to the former thermomechanical treatment was superior to that of the alloy subjected to the latter thermomechanical treatment at all the deformation degrees.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2008

Common methods for large scale hydrogen production, such as steam reforming and coal gasification, also involve production of carbonaceous gases. It is therefore necessary to handle process gas streams involving various mixtures of hydrocarbons, $H_2$, $H_2O$, CO and $CO_2$ at moderate to high temperatures. These gases pose a variety of corrosion threats to the alloys used in plant construction. Carbon is a particularly aggressive corrodent, leading to carburisation and, at high carbon activities, to metal dusting. The behaviour of commercial heat resisting alloys 602CA and 800, together with that of 304 stainless steel, was studied during thermal cycling in $CO/CO_2$ at $650-750^{\circ}C$, and also in $CO/H_2/H_2O$ at $680^{\circ}C$. Thermal cycling caused repeated scale separation, which accelerated chromium depletion from the alloy subsurface regions. The $CO/H_2/H_2O$ gas, with $a_C=2.9$ and $p(O_2)=5\times10^{-23}$ atm, caused relatively rapid metal dusting, accompanied by some internal carburisation. In contrast, the $CO/CO_2$ gas, with $a_C=7$ and $p(O_2)=10^{-23}-10^{-24}$ atm caused internal precipitation in all three alloys, but no dusting. Inward diffusion of oxygen led to in situ oxidation of internal carbides. The very different reaction morphologies produced by the two gas mixtures are discussed in terms of competing gas-alloy reaction steps.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.101-110
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• 1998

Ti-Cr-V 합금에서 Ti의 일부를 Zr으로 치환하는 것에 의한 수소저장 특성의 변화에 대하여 연구하였다. Zr 의 치환은 평탄압력과 히스테리시스를 감소시키나 생성된 $Cr_2Zr$상은 평탄성을 악화시키며 수소저장량의 저하를 초래하였다. 그러나, Ti/Cr의 조성비를 조절하여 $Cr_2Zr$상의 생성을 억제함으로써 수소저장용량이 매우 큰 합금을 얻을 수 있었다. 또한, 열처리에 의해 수소저장량과 유효수소저장량의 감소없이 평탄성을 크게 향상시킬 수 있었다.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.51-55
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• 1986

The castability of base metal alloys for dental casting in influenced by burn-out temperature and recent percentage. Burn-out temperatures for casting are set at 200$^{\circ}F$ interval from 1000$^{\circ}F$ to 1800$^{\circ}F$. According to recast metal percent in new cast alloy metal alloys are tested. The results are as followings: 1. In the new alloy(100%), the castability is the most. 2. The burn-out temperature in 1600$\sim$1800$^{\circ}F$, castability of 100% new alloy was more four times than of 50% new alloy plus 50% recast alloy. The using of 50% new alloy and 50% recast alloy, therefore, was unlike in castability. 3. The burn-out temperature in 1600$^{\circ}F$, castability of 100% new alloy was more than four times in soaking 20 minutes, but there was no any difference at 18700$^{\circ}F$. 4. It is investigated that the optimal burn-out temperature is 1600$^{\circ}F$ for the C & B alloy.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.8-15
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• 2019

A high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) is recognized as the best candidate reactor for next generation nuclear reactors. Helium is used to be the coolant in the core of the HTGR with temperature expected to exceed $900^{\circ}C$ at the core outlet. Several iron- and nickel-based superalloys, including Alloy 800H, Hastelloy X, and Alloy 617, are potential structural materials for intermediate heat exchanger (IHX) in an HTGR. Oxidation behaviors of three selected alloys (Hastelloy X, Alloy 800H, and Alloy 617) were investigated at four different temperatures from $650^{\circ}C$ to $950^{\circ}C$ under helium environments with various concentrations of $O_2$ and $H_2O$. Preliminary results showed that chromium oxide as the primary protective layer was observed on surfaces of the three tested alloys. Based on results of mass gain and SEM analyses, Hastelloy X alloy exhibited the best corrosion resistance in all corrosion tests. Further details on the oxidation mechanism of these alloys are presented in this study.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.168-174
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• 2021

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate alloys spectrophotometrically including yttrium of nickel-chromium (Ni-Cr) alloys, which are used as substitutes for the regulation of beryllium and provide helpful improvements in Ni-Cr alloys. Methods: Four groups of specimens (ZN, ZY, SN and EM) were prepared for analysis. Color parameters were measured with a spectrophotometer, and color difference (∆E^*) was calculated. The t-test and one-way analysis of variance test were used to determine significant difference, and the Tukey test was used to identify where the differences were. To measure the spectroscopic reflectivity, the spectroscopic reflectance was measured and converted into CIE L^*, a^*, b^* color system. Results: The ∆E^* value of each metal ceramic group after opaque firing of Ni-Cr alloy with and without yttrium was <2, and the total group color difference (∆E^*) was below 1 in the dentin ceramic all experimental group. However, the a^* and b^* values of the metal ceramic groups were higher than that in the lithium disilicate all ceramic group, and the chroma was higher than the natural tooth. The brightness of all experimental groups was similar to that of the shade guide sample. Conclusion: Yttrium added to Ni-Cr alloys showed similar CIE L^*, a^*, b^* values to Ni-Cr alloys that did not contain yttrium, indicating that yttrium had no effect on color in metallic ceramic systems.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.43-63
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• 2022

The aim of this review is to communicate some essential knowledge of the underlying mechanism of the corrosion of structural containment alloys during molten salt reactor operation in the context of prospective online monitoring in future MSR installations. The formation of metal halide species and the progression of their concentration in the molten salt do reflect containment corrosion, tracing the depletion of alloying metals at the alloy salt interface will assure safe conditions during reactor operation. Even though the progress of alloying metal halides concentrations in the molten salt do strongly understate actual corrosion rates, their prospective 1^st order kinetics followed by near-linearly increase is attributed to homogeneous matrix corrosion. The service life of the structural containment alloy is derived from homogeneous matrix corrosion and near-surface void formation but less so from intergranular cracking (IGC) and pitting corrosion. Online monitoring of corrosion species is of particular interest for molten chloride systems since besides the expected formation of chromium chloride species CrCl₂ and CrCl₃, other metal chloride species such as FeCl₂, FeCl₃, MoCl₂, MnCl₂ and NiCl₂ will form, depending on the selected structural alloy. The metal chloride concentrations should follow, after an incubation period of about 10,000 hours, a linear projection with a positive slope and a steady increase of < 1 ppm per day. During the incubation period, metal concentration show 1^st order kinetics and increasing linearly with time^1/2. Ideally, a linear increase reflects homogeneous matrix corrosion, while a sharp increase in the metal chloride concentration could set a warning flag for potential material failure within the projected service life, e.g. as result of intergranular cracking or pitting corrosion. Continuous monitoring of metal chloride concentrations can therefore provide direct information about the mechanism of the ongoing corrosion scenario and offer valuable information for a timely warning of prospective material failure.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.717-729
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• 1999

Although many studies on the cytotoxicity of the dental cast base metal alloys and their components have been carried out, the results are rather conflicting because of the different type of cells used and the various experimental procedures taken. Recently a number of scientists have claimed that it would be preferable to focus on the use of cells from relevant specific location of the human bodies. Consequently, the primary cultured oral keratinocyte derived from oral mucous along with nickel chloride and several of widely used dental cast base metal alloys(two Ni-Cr alloys and one Co-Cr alloy)in domestic were selected for this study, from which 1) The amounts of released metal ions were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry, 2) The cytotoxicity of nickel chloride and dental cast base metal alloys was evaluated via MTT assay, and finally, 3) The amounts of released metal ions and the cytotoxicity of nickel chloride were correlated with the cytotoxicity of dental cast base metal alloys And, the results were summarized as follows; 1. Nickel ion from Ni-Cr alloys and Cobalt ion from Co-Cr alloys resulted in maximum releasing rate during first 2h hours, followed by a decrease in releasing rate with time. Chromium ion were found to be minimal in all alloys. 2. In cytotoxic test. with $40{\mu}M,\;80{\mu}M$ of nickel chloride, there were observed an increase in the relative cell number compared to control samples after 24 hours. With $160{\mu}M$, there was found to be no difference in the relative cell number with control, except that 48 hour showed a increase in relative cell number. With $320{\mu}M$, the relative cell number remained constant and decreased after 48 hours, and with $640{\mu}M$, a continuing decrease in relative cell number was observed throughout test period. 3 The sensitivity of primary cultured oral epithelium to nickel was lower compared to the cells used in other studies. 4. CB-80 Soft and Regalloy showed no cytotoxicity to primary cultured oral epithelium and New crown resulted in a slight cytotoxicity. In conclusion, it was shown that the primary cultured oral keratinocytes could be applied successfully as testing cells in cytotoxicity test. Futhermore, the dental cast base metal alloys used in this study were found to be biocompatible.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.120-127
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• 2011

연구 목적: 본 연구의 목적은 색소체인 크롬염화물을 지르코니아에 첨가함으로써 지르코니아의 색상 및 물리적 성질, 그리고 미세구조가 어떻게 변화하는지 알아보고자 한다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 크롬염화물의 함량이 지르코니아 분말에 각각 0.06, 0.12, 0.25 wt%가 되도록 측량하고 알코올에 녹여 액상상태의 크롬염화물을 준비하였다. 지르코니아 분말과 각각의 액상상태의 크롬염화물을 혼합하고 혼합된 분말을 이용하여 디스크형태의 지르코니아 시편을 제작하였다. 제작된 시편은 $1450^{\circ}C$에서 완전소결 후 색상 및 물리적 성질, 그리고 미세구조를 관찰하였다. 색상은 분광측색장치를 이용하여 국제조명위원회 (CIE) ISO 기준인 D65 광원, SCE 방식으로 측정하여 $L^*$, $C^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$ 값으로 분석하였다. 밀도는 아르키메데스 법으로 측정하였고, 주사전자현미경과 X선 회절 분석기를 이용하여 시편의 미세구조 및 결정상을 관찰하였다. 파괴인성은 압흔 형성법(Vickers indentation법)을 이용하여 시편에 압흔 형성 후, 광학현미경으로 압흔의 크기를 측정하고 이를 이용하여 파괴인성을 구하였다. 결과는 일원배치분산분석 (one-way ANOVA)으로 통계처리 하였고, Tukey test로 사후 검정하였다. 결과: 1. 크롬염화물을 첨가하여 지르코니아의 색상을 조절할 수 있음을 확인하였으며, 크롬염화물 첨가 함량이 증가함에 따라 지르코니아 색상은 백색계통의 갈색에서 짙은 색의 갈색으로 변하였다. 2. 크롬염화물의 첨가는 시편의 밀도를 점점 감소시켰으며, 크롬염화물이 첨가되지 않은 시편과 비교 시, 크롬염화물의 첨가량이 증가할수록 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다 (P<.05). 3. 크롬염화물이 첨가된 시편은 첨가되지 않는 시편에 비해 결정립 크기가 증가하였다. 4. X-선 회절 분석결과, 크롬염화물의 첨가 여부와 첨가 함량에 상관없이 지르코니아 결정상의 차이점은 관찰되지 않았다. 5. 지르코니아에 크롬염화물을 첨가 시 크롬염화물의 첨가 함량에 따라 파괴인성값은 감소하였고, 특히 0.25 wt%의 크롬염화물을 첨가 시 가장 낮은 파괴인성 값을 보였다 (P<.05). 결론: 이상의 결과로 크롬염화물을 액체상태로 첨가하여 지르코니아의 색상을 조절할 수 있음을 확인하였으며, 제작한 유색 지르코니아의 색상은 자연치아 색상과 다소 차이가 있지만, 본 소재는 임상에서 사용되는 완전도재관 코어 (Core) 재료로써 사용할 수 있을 것으로 생각한다.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.313-324
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• 2015

Austenitic stainless steels have been widely used in many engineering fields because of their high corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties. However, welding or aging treatment may induce intergranular corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, pitting, etc. Since these types of corrosion are closely related to the formation of chromium carbide in grain boundaries, the alloys are controlled using methods such as lowering the carbon content, solution heat treatment, alloying of stabilization elements, and grain boundary engineering. This work focused on the effects of aging and UNSM (Ultrasonic Nano-crystal Surface Modification) on the intergranular corrosion of commercial 316L stainless steel and the results are discussed on the basis of the sensitization by chromium carbide formation and carbon segregation, residual stress, grain refinement, and grain boundary engineering.