• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.71
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• pp.305-340
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• 2022

This study was started to suggest the direction of Christian educational development to revitalize North Korea's 'education' research. Since the two Koreas have experienced heterogeneity in almost all elements of society, such as politics, economy, society, culture, and education, during the period of division in 1977, true unification depends on laying the foundation for social integration that can overcome the sense of heterogeneity between the two Koreas. This is why North Korea's "education" research is needed. Education is the foundation for transferring culture and history, and for bringing about the survival, transformation, and community of society and since it is the mission of Korean churches and Christian educators to establish the direction of North Korean "education" research, North Korean "education" research is very important. Despite this importance, 'North Korean research' in the field of Christian education has not been properly conducted. Research on the "Christian Unification Education Program" that can be used in churches is actively taking place, but research on the macro level of presenting post-unification education blueprints is rare. This study was started to suggest the direction of Christian educational development to revitalize North Korea's 'education' research. For the study, the characteristics of 'North Korea Research' were analyzed according to generational classification. As a result of the study, recent research on North Korea has been expanding in research topics and methodologies, and recent studies have been differentiated into microscopic studies that deviate from existing research trends at a macro level and view North Korea's daily life. The characteristics of 'North Korean education research' are summarized by period. The research on North Korean education, which began in earnest in the 1970s, was divided into the period of start(70s), transition(80s), leap(90s), expansion(2000s), and development(2010s~). and research characteristics for each period were analyzed. Through this, early North Korean education research was also conducted in the policy aspect of the country, and the characteristics of political and social studies were strong, but recent studies have confirmed that the subjects and contents are diversifying. Based on these studies, the pending issues and issues of North Korean education research in the field of Christian education were analyzed. The study of North Korea in the field of Christian education, which began in the 1980s, has been conducted in the engineering aspect of 'development of unification education programs for churches'. However, studies on Christian unification education and North Korean education itself, which can be used in public education sites including Christian schools, have yet to be sufficient. Nevertheless, the diversification of research in the field of Christian education can be evaluated as a positive change. Based on these studies, it was proposed to establish a de-ideological research foundation, secure primary research data(Raw Data), activate research topics and research methodologies, and strengthen research capabilities in the direction of development to revitalize North Korean research in the field of Christian education. I hope this study will trigger various follow-up studies and help Korean churches that must achieve unification.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.64
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• pp.21-50
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• 2020

The main purpose of this study is to present a map for setting a new direction for future North Korean ministry by applying Russell's theory on Christian education as a mission. As is well known, Russell was the first Christian educator who interpreted Christian education from a mission's perspective. According to her, Christian education is not a mere instrument for church to maintain and nurture new believers, but it is part of 'Missio Dei' in a broader sense. In other words, it is a way for everyone to accept Christ's invitation, and join in 'Missio Dei' that restores true humanity through reconciling with God and our neighbors. Based on the understanding of Russell's Christian education theory, the study examined up-to-date North Korean mission's situation, analysis, and limitations in the introduction. In chapter 2, the researcher reviewed approaching methods for understanding North Korea as well as prior studies on North Korean mission and unification within the field of Christian education. In chapter 3, Russell's theory on Christian education for humanization was briefly introduced. In chapter 4, the study attempted to apply Russell's theory in North Korean mission in the following areas: what is the true meaning of restoring humanity for North Koreans (including the refugees) and what are some of the specific ministry ideas; what is a realistic and sustainable humanization ministry; what environment can foster North Koreans to reconcile with both God and their neighbors; what are the ways to explain that such ministry is an invitation from Christ; what should the people involved in the ministry prepare; in what areas can Russell's theory be more effective in North Korean mission compared to other methods in terms of Christian education for humanization. Finally, a conclusion was drawn in chapter 5.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.66
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• pp.147-178
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to clarify the contribution of Christian faith in the process of establishing self-identity and stably settling in the process of North Korean youth settling in Korean society. The research method used narrative. Participants in the study were nine late youth who belonged to the church, aged 17 to 24 years old, who had been in Korea for more than one year. Through this study, themes were derived from four categories. First, a retrospective narrative of the North Korean defection motive was dealt with. Second, it deals with the psychological adaptation process and unsolved tasks. Third, I dealt with the thoughts of the family, the discourse and vision for unification, which they dream of in Korean society as Christian believers. Fourth, it is about the Christian faith, and it is said that the Christian faith gives North Korean refugee youth the power to reflect on their lives, and to see the essence of life through the values of interest in others, history, society, and the kingdom of God. These results are based on the encounters with church and alternative school leaders and various curriculums that North Korean refugee youth experience and talk about. In the sense that it seeks and suggests a new direction in the era of preparation for unification, this article can be said to be of great value for Christian education.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.77
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• pp.107-126
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• 2024

This study was initiated to explore the Christian educational challenges of building a "Peer Consciousness" in North and South Korea after reunification. During the period of division, North and South Korea have became heterogeneous in almost all elements of society, including politics, economy, culture, and education. Considering the various social conflicts that the two heterogeneous societies will experience in the process of reunification, the issue of social integration is no longer a side issue of institutional integration or economic integration, but has become an essential element in itself. This is why the Korean church and Christian scholars need to study in depth the social conflicts and integration issues that may arise before and after reunification. For the study, we analyzed the forms of social conflict based on the theory of ''Human Needs Theory', which states that human needs are the conditions for social conflict. Social conflicts stem from the unfulfillment of various human needs, which in turn extend to identity conflicts that seek to form a sense of belonging. In light of the case of unified Germany, where social conflicts converged into identity conflicts, I predicted that conflicts in unified Korea will soon become identity conflicts. The direction of Christian education that should suture the conflicts in the post-reunification society was derived from theological reflection on the concept of 'publicness of Christian education' and 'kingdom of God'. As a concrete educational plan for social integration, I presented the discourse of love of God and love of neighbor through Christian education for dual identity as a citizen and disciple, and emphasized the need for re-socialization education through faith communities

• Gut and Liver
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.615-622
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• 2018

Despite the well-proven, safe and effective therapies for hepatitis B infection, delivery of treatment remains a significant challenge in resource-poor settings. Geopolitical and economic restrictions present additional difficulties in providing care in North Korea. However, treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B remains a top priority for both the North Korean Ministry of Public Health and international agencies working in North Korean hepatitis healthcare facilities. Working in partnership, a path was created to institute this much-needed program. A consortium of United States and Australian humanitarian non-governmental organizations along with generous individual and corporate donors working in concert with local and national health authorities have succeeded in establishing the first hepatitis B treatment program in North Korea. The essential elements of this program include renovation of existing hepatitis hospitals, access to antiviral medications, establishment of laboratory facilities, creation of medical documentation and record-keeping, training of local health care professionals, and quarterly visits by international volunteer physicians and laboratory experts. Management and treatment decisions are made bilaterally. To date, nearly 1,500 patients have been evaluated, and over 800 have been started on long-term antiviral therapy. It is envisioned that this program will eventually be managed and funded by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea Ministry of Public Health. This program's success demonstrates a potential model for delivery of antiviral therapy for patients suffering from hepatitis B in other developing countries.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.61
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• pp.109-129
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• 2020

This study reflects the regional context of Northeast Asian countries embodied in US-North Korean nuclear tension. The researcher uses the methodological inquiry of practical theology to analyze the political affairs and intertwine with religious education. The ecology of religious education to dismantle the threat of ethnic and racial discrimination such as white supremacy supports a shared pedagogy between students and their teachers in the narrative of Jesus to challenge all forms of oppression as the democratic presence of God.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.57-69
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aims to measure whether the business performance of Padang restaurants in North Jakarta is primarily affected by service distribution strategy and other factors, specifically the local-based organizational culture and entrepreneurial orientation. Research design, data and methodology: This quantitative research has used Structural Model-Partial Least Square (PLS-SEM) with SMART PLS 3.0 as the analytical tool. The study's sample focus is the owner or person in charge of the Padang restaurant business in North Jakarta. Data has been collected using a questionnaire instrument with a Likert scale scale ('1-strongly disagree' to '5-strongly agree'). A total of 86 samples with a random technique were obtained from three areas in North Jakarta: Kelapa Gading, Pademangan, and Penjaringan. Results: Interestingly, this research finds that service distribution strategy does not affect business performance, either directly or indirectly. Business performance in this study is affected by entrepreneurial orientation. In additional results, the local organizational culture significantly affects the entrepreneurial orientation, but does not affect the business performance in terms of management process. Conclusions: This study provides practical implications for restaurant businesses regarding the use of local cultural concepts to consider strategies for survival in today's challenging times while continuing operations during limitations.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.75
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• pp.103-125
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• 2023

This study aims to explore the direction and tasks of Christian unification education as peace education. To this end, after examining the historical trend of peace education and unification education in Korea, the tasks of peaceful unification education are reviewed. Peace education has expanded with the activation of peace movements and educational discourse starting from civil society, while unification education has been planned in accordance with the government's unification and North Korea policy and is moving toward the field of education practice. However, due to the nature of unification education that aspires for peace, the combination of the two fields has continued steadily, and research on peace unification education has been continuously conducted. The direction and tasks of Christian unification education as peace education were proposed based on the tasks of peace unification education derived through prior research analysis and the trend of the times in the two areas to carry out the research purpose. For the sustainability of peace on the Korean Peninsula, Christian unification education as a peace education should aim to foster peaceful citizens who take the lead in transitioning from a culture of violence to a culture of peace. To this end, first, it is necessary to seek the direction of Christian education for the dissolution of the antagonist image. Second, activities that guarantee learners' subjectivity and autonomy should be carried out away from the top-down method in teaching and learning. Third, a curriculum connected to daily life should be formed.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.683-689
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• 2017

Given that the ratio of adolescents among North Korean refugees is increasing, it is the right time to study the present situation of juvenile North Korean defectors. North Korean adolescents tend to find themselves in an uncomfortable situation as they experience unfamiliar lives in South Korea, and act passively in various situations. A proper resolution of such problems in this situation will help them adapt smoothly to South Korean society. This study investigates the relationship between social support, self-esteem, and problem-solving abilities of North Korean adolescent refugees based on a survey on 213 North Korean teens which was performed for 24 days beginning on June 14 2017. The study results show that emotional, material, informational, and evaluative support for North Korean adolescent defectors, which is a type of social support, had a positive effect on their self-esteem, and self-esteem in turn had a positive effect on their problem solving ability. In addition, self-esteem had a mediating effect on the relationship between the four types of social support and problem solving ability of North Korean adolescent defectors. This study suggested a practical plan to improve the problem solving ability of North Korean adolescent defectors for their smooth adaptation to South Korean society, through social support and improved self-esteem of North Korean adolescents, such as program development or self - development training.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.407-430
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to prove double faced heterotopiatic placeness of North Korea which can be highlighted to one aspect through priming test. Korean-Americans are found to have a perception of North Korea as a closed society where political leader cult is practiced, Pyongyang as a display city. They have Christian nostalgia toward it as a place where Christianity was first introduced to. North Korea's heterotopiatic placeness is sharing the 5,000 years of history of the Korea peninsula on the one hand and being a closed dictatorship place on the other. North Korea is kept isolated and closed but has had a liminal space through the intentional open system like special economic zone. Pyongyang is the city for specific class where it shows the heterotopiatic character. Priming is found effective in Yeongbyun, a place of extreme mixtures placeness as being the hometown of the beloved Korean poet Kim So-Wol and the site of nuclear weapon experiment but Korean-Americans have not found any priming effect regarding the Geumgang mountain tour. As to the Arirang performance, a man-made landscape expressing North Korea's sense of value and ideology, priming resulted in preference. This study raises the needs for understanding North Korea as a multifaced placeness and it can purposely be emphasized and changed to contribute the two Korea's unification.