• 제목/요약/키워드: Cholinergic neurons

검색결과 50건 처리시간 0.03초

풍지(風池)($GB_{20}$)의 천마약침(天麻藥鍼)이 Intraluminal Filament 삽입술에 의하여 유발된 백서(白鼠)의 뇌허혈에 미치는 영향 (Anti-apoptotic and Neuroprotective Effects of Gastrodiae Elata Pharmacupuncture at $GB_{20}$ on Focal Brain Ischemic Injury Induced by Intraluminal Filament Insertion in Rats)

  • 나건호;윤대환;나창수;채우석
    • Journal of Acupuncture Research
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    • 제25권1호
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    • pp.1-14
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    • 2008
  • Objectives : Delayed neuronal death(DND) of pyramidal neuronsin the CA1 regions of the hippocampus has been extensively studied following global brain ischemia, whereas little is known about DND in this highly vulnerable brain region after focal brain ischemia. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Gastrodiae Elata(GA) pharmacopuncture on hippocampal neuronal apoptosis in rats with focal brain ischemic injury. Materials and methods : The neuroprotective effects of water extracts of GA were investigated in middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAo) of Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats. Seventy-five healthy SD ratswere randomly divided into five groups following MCAo : control group with focal ischemia, saline injection group, pharmacopuncture group GA-1($0.0007mg/m{\ell}/g$), pharmacopuncture group GA-2($0.00035mg/m{\ell}/g$), pharmacopuncture group GA-3($0.00014mg/m{\ell}/g$). Results : The intensity of mGluR5 increased in the GA-1 group. The intensity of Bax and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio decreased in the GA-1 group. The intensity of Bcl-2 increased in all the GA groups. The density of neurons stained by Cresyl violet and ChAT increased in the GA-1 group. Conclusions : Our study suggests that GA pharmacopuncture at $GB_{20}$ showed anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects on cholinergic neuronsin focal cerebral ischemia caused by stroke in SD rats.

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만성편두통 치료를 위한 측두 부위의 보툴리눔 독소 주사 자입점 제시 (A proposal of injection points of botulinum toxin into temporal region for chronic migraine)

  • 김영건;배정희;김성택
    • 구강회복응용과학지
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    • 제33권1호
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    • pp.1-6
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    • 2017
  • 보툴리눔 독소 주사는 이마, 눈가 주름치료 등 미용성형분야 뿐만 아니라 만성 편두통(chronic migraine), 근육긴장이상(dystonia), 경직(spasticity), 측두하악장애의 치료 등에 사용되어 왔다. 특히 보툴리눔 독소 주사는 만성편두통환자의 예방적 치료요법으로 현재까지 유일하게 승인된 요법이다. 기존에 잘 알려진 운동신경에서의 마비효과와는 달리, 편두통에 대한 작용기전은 감각신경에서 말초감작과 신경원성염증과 관련되는 substance P, CGRP, glutamate 등 비콜린성 신경전달물질의 유리를 차단하여 통증신호를 차단하는 역할을 한다는 가설이 제기되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 보툴리눔독소가 갖는 진통효과에 대한 고찰과 함께 이를 통하여 추후 만성편두통환자에 대한 주사법 개발에 대한 방향성을 제시하고자 한다.

The Effects of Puerariae Flos on Stress-induced Deficits of Learning and Memory in Ovariectomized Female Rats

  • Park, Hyun-Jung;Han, Seung-Moo;Yoon, Won-Ju;Kim, Kyung-Soo;Shim, In-Sop
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • 제13권2호
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    • pp.85-89
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    • 2009
  • Puerariae flos (PF) is a traditional oriental medicinal plant and has clinically been prescribed for a long time. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of PF on repeated stress-induced alterations of learning and memory on a Morris water maze (MWM) test in ovariectomized (OVX) female rats. The changes in the reactivity of the cholinergic system were assessed by measuring the immunoreactive neurons of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the hippocampus after behavioral testing. The female rats were randomly divided into four groups: the nonoperated and nonstressed group (normal), the sham-operated and stressed group (control), the ovariectomized and stressed group (OS), and the ovariectomized, stressed and PF treated group (OSF). Rats were exposed to immobilization stress (IMO) for 14 d (2 h/d), and PF (400 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered 30 min before IMO stress. Results showed that treatments with PF caused significant reversals of the stress-induced deficits in learning and memory on a spatial memory task, and also increased the ChA T immunoreactivities. In conclusion, administration of PF improved spatial learning and memory in OVX rats, and PF may be useful for the treatment of postmenopausal-related dementia.

트리메틸틴 처리로 유도된 기억·학습 능력 손상 모델에 대한 계피와 금앵자 혼합추출물의 개선 효과 (Ameliorating Effects of Cinnamomum loureiroi and Rosa laevigata Extracts Mixture against Trimethyltin-induced Learning and Memory Impairment Model)

  • 최수정;김초롱;박찬규;김민철;최종헌;신동훈
    • 한국약용작물학회지
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    • 제25권6호
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    • pp.353-360
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    • 2017
  • Background: A critical features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is cognitive dysfunction, which partly arises from decreased in acetylcholine levels. AD afftected brains are characterized by extensive oxidative stress, which is thought to be primarily induced by the amyloid beta ($A{\beta}$) peptide. In a previous study, Cinnamomum loureiroi tincture inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity. That study identified AChE inhibitor in the C. loureiroi extract. Furthermore, the C. loureiroi extract enhanced memory in a trimethyltin (TMT)-induced model of cognitive dysfunction, as assessed via two behavioral tests. Rosa laevigata extract protected against oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity. Administrating R. laevigata extracts to mice significantly reversed $A{\beta}$-induced learning and memory impairment, as shown in behavioral tests. Methods and Results: We conducted behavioral to examine the synergistic effects of C. loureiroi and R. laevigata extracts in inhibiting AChE and counteracting TMT-induced learning and memory losses. We also performed biochemical assays. The biochemical results showed a relationship between increased oxidative stress and cholinergic neurons damage in TMT-treated mice. Conclusions: A diet containing C. loureiroi and R. laevigata extracts ameliorated learning and memory impairments in the Y-maze and passive avoidance tests, and exerted synergistic inhibitory effect against AChE and lipid peroxidation.

Gene Expression Profiling of the Habenula in Rats Exposed to Chronic Restraint Stress

  • Yoo, Hyeijung;Kim, Hyun Jung;Yang, Soo Hyun;Son, Gi Hoon;Gim, Jeong-An;Lee, Hyun Woo;Kim, Hyun
    • Molecules and Cells
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    • 제45권5호
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    • pp.306-316
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    • 2022
  • Chronic stress contributes to the risk of developing depression; the habenula, a nucleus in epithalamus, is associated with many neuropsychiatric disorders. Using genome-wide gene expression analysis, we analyzed the transcriptome of the habenula in rats exposed to chronic restraint stress for 14 days. We identified 379 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were affected by chronic stress. These genes were enriched in neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, the cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) signaling pathway, circadian entrainment, and synaptic signaling from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis and responded to corticosteroids, positive regulation of lipid transport, anterograde trans-synaptic signaling, and chemical synapse transmission from the Gene Ontology analysis. Based on protein-protein interaction network analysis of the DEGs, we identified neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions, circadian entrainment, and cholinergic synapse-related subclusters. Additionally, cell type and habenular regional expression of DEGs, evaluated using a recently published single-cell RNA sequencing study (GSE137478), strongly suggest that DEGs related to neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction and trans-synaptic signaling are highly enriched in medial habenular neurons. Taken together, our findings provide a valuable set of molecular targets that may play important roles in mediating the habenular response to stress and the onset of chronic stress-induced depressive behaviors.

DNA합성 억제제가 IMR-32 세포의 c-myc 발현 및 Choline Acetyltransferase 활성도에 미치는 영향 (Effects of DNA Synthesis Inhibitors on the Expression of c-myc and the Stimulation of Choline Acetyltransferase Activity in Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line, IMR-32)

  • 이정은;조경혜
    • 대한의생명과학회지
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    • 제3권1호
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    • pp.11-20
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    • 1997
  • 신경아세포종 세포 분화의 조절에 대한 연구는 아직 초기 단계에 불과하나 신경아세포종양의 임상적인 치료에 매우 중요한 기초가 된다. 본 연구는 신경아세포종 세포의 분화를 유도 할 수 있는 유용한 시약을 찾아내고자 하는 노력의 일환으로, 잘 알려진 DNA 합성 억제제가 신경 아세포종의 분화를 유도할 수 있는지를 살펴보고자 신경아세포종양 세포의 형태적, 생화학적 및 유전자 발현에 미치는 효과를 살펴보았다. 신경아세포종양으로부터 수립된 세포주, IMR-32 세포에 DNA 합성 억제제인 sodium butyrate, hydroxyurea, cytosine arabinoside를 각각 처리한 결과 처리하지 않은 대조군과는 달리 정상신경 세포 분화시 볼 수 있는 신경 돌기의 성장이 유도됨을 관찰할 수 있었으며 ,신경 전달 물질인 acetylcholine의 합성 효소인 choline acetyltransferase의 활성도가 현저히 증가되었다. 또한DNA합성 억제제를 처리하지 않은 IMR-32세포에서 탐지되지 않았던 c-myc 유전자의 발현이 시약 처리시 확연히 탐지됨을 관찰할 수 있었다. 이러한 실험 결과들은 DNA합성 억제제가 IMR-32세포의 성장을 억제하고 분화를 유도했음을 보여준 것이며, 어린 아이 시기에 많이 발병되는 신경아세포종양의 급속한 악성화나 전이의 억제기전을 제시해 줄 수 있으리라 생각한다.

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심정격(心正格) 혈위(穴位)(소충(少衝)${\cdot}$대돈(大敦), 소해(少海)${\cdot}$음곡(陰谷))에 대한 영수(迎隨) 및 염전(捻轉) 보사(補瀉) 침자(鍼刺)가 국소 뇌허혈 유발 흰쥐의 항뇌세포고사와 신경보호 효과에 미치는 영향 (Anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects of acupuncture techniques of tonification or sedation at HT9${\cdot}$LR1, HT3${\cdot}$KI10 on focal brain ischemic injury induced by intraluminal filament insertion in rats)

  • 변정윤;윤대환;나창수
    • Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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    • 제25권1호
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    • pp.229-246
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    • 2008
  • Objectives : Acupoints of LR1(Dadun)${\cdot}$HT9(Shaochong), KI10(Yingu)${\cdot}$HT3(Shaohai) are used as controlling the diseases from heart problems. Especially, when they are used, tonification or sedation techniques method is taken as a controlling the medication for an early stroke in the Korean medicine. So the aim of this study is to investigate the anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects of Acupuncture techniques of tonification or sedation at LR1${\cdot}$HT9, KI10${\cdot}$HT3 on the focal ischemia induced by intraluminal filament insertion in rats. Materials and Methods : The focal ischemia was induced by intraluminal filament insertion into middle cerebral artery. The animals were divided into five groups (n=7 in each group) : Control group, no therapy group after ischemia induced; AT-1; acupuncture therapy group at LR1${\cdot}$HT9, KI10${\cdot}$HT3 after ischemia-induced. AT-2; acupuncture therapy at right LR1, HT9(forward direction), KI10${\cdot}$HT3(opposite direction) inserting to the direction of route of the each meridian. AT3; acupuncture therapy at right LR1, HT9(twirling forward with the thumb of right hand 9 times), KI10${\cdot}$HT3(twirling forward with the forefinger of right hand 6 times) AT-4; acupuncture therapy at right LR1, HT9(forward direction, twirling forward with the thumb of right hand 9 times), KI10${\cdot}$HT3(opposite direction, twirling forward with the forefinger of right hand 6 times) inserting to the direction of route of the each meridian. The anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects of Acupuncture techniques of tonification or sedation at LR1, HT9, KI10${\cdot}$HT3 were observed by Bax, Bcl-2, mGluR5, Cytochrome c, Cresyl violet and ChAT-stain. Results : The intensity of Bax and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio were increased in ACU-2 and ACU-4 group but decreased in ACU-3 group. The intensity of mGluR5 was increased in ACU-1, ACU-2, ACU-3 and ACU-4 group. The intensity of cytochrome c was decreased in ACU-3 and ACU-4 group. The density of neurons stained by Cresyl violet and ChAT were increased in ACU-1, ACU-3 and ACU-4 group. Conclusions : Our study suggests that acupuncture therapy of tonification at LR1, HT9 by twirling forward with the thumb of right hand 9times, sedation at KI10${\cdot}$HT3 by twirling forward with the forefinger of right hand 6 times after perpendicularly inserting needle shows anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects on cholinergic neuron in focal cerebral ischemia of the stroke in rats.

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천궁(川芎)의 구강투여(口腔投與) 및 약침시술(藥鍼施術)이 흰쥐 MCAO로 유발된 국소뇌허혈(局所腦虛血)에 대(對)한 콜린성 신경보호효과(神經保護效果) 연구(硏究) (Effects of Cnidium of ficinale(CO) extracts through administrated by means of oral and herbal acupuncture method at GB2l acupoint on focal ischemic brain injury induced by MCAO in rats)

  • 김경선;윤대환;홍석;나창수
    • Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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    • 제22권3호
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    • pp.137-156
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    • 2005
  • Objectives : Cnidium officinale(CO) has been used for medication for stroke in the Oriental Medicine. So this study was planned to investigate the effects of CO on the focal ischemia-induced by Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion(MCAO) in rats Materials and methods : The focal ischemia was induced by MCAO. CO extracts through oral administration and herbal acupuncture at GB2l was carried out during 3 weeks after focal ischemia-induced. Eight-arm radial maze was used for the behavioral task. For the neuroprotective effect of CO, we investigated AchE, ChAT, and NGF-expression by immnohistochemical method. Results : The error rate in the eight-arm radial maze task was significantly decreased in normal group compared to control group on 1-6days, OA-CO1(CO oral administration, 0.8g/kg) group on 1-6days, OA-CO2(CO oral administration, 1.6g/kg) group on 1-3,5,6days, HA-CO1(CO herbal acupuncture, 0.016g/kg) group on 2,3,6days, HA-CO2(CO herbal acupuncture, 0.008g/kg) group on 1-3,5,6days. The rate of correct choice was significantly increased in OA-CO1, HA-CO2. The density of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 was the most increased in OA-CO1, HA-CO1, HA-CO2. The density of ChAT in the hippocampal CA1 was increased in OA-CO1, HA-CO2. The density of ChAT in the hippocampal CA1 was significantly increased in OA-CO1, HA-CO2. The density of NGE in the hippocampal CAI was significantly increased in OA-CO1, OA-CO2, HA-CO2. Conclusions : These results suggest that CO oral administration with 0.8g/kg and CO herbal acupuncture with 0.008g/kg might be used as a regulator of cell death of cholinergic system induced by stroke.

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직자(直刺), 영수(迎隨) 및 염전수기법(捻轉手技法)에 따라 시행한 경거(經渠)${\cdot}$복류(復溜) 침자(鍼刺)가 중대뇌동맥(中大腦動脈) 폐새(閉塞)에 의하여 유발(誘發)된 국소(局所) 뇌허혈(腦虛血) 백서(白鼠) hippocampus의 항세포자멸사(抗細胞自滅死) 및 복경보호(福經保護)에 미치는 영향(影響) (Effects of acupuncture at the $LU8{\cdot}K17$ on Anti-apoptotic cell death and neuroprotection in Rat hippocampus following focal brain ischemic injury induced by Intraluminal Filament insertion in Rats)

  • 윤대환;변정윤;최찬헌;백진웅;정지연;정연진;나창수
    • Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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    • 제24권3호
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    • pp.205-221
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    • 2007
  • Objectives : Aims of this study is to investigate the effects of $LU8{\cdot}KI7$ in rat induced by experimental focal ischemia. Materials and methods : The focal ischemia was induced by intraluminal filament insertion into middle cerebral artery. The groups divided into 6groups, control; no therapy group after ischemia-induced, AT1; acupuncture therapy group at $LU8{\cdot}KI7$ after ischemia-induced, AT2; acupuncture therapy at $LU8{\cdot}KI7$ bilaterally and the needle was twirled and rotated forward with the thumb of the right hand 9times, AT3; acupuncture therapy at $LU8{\cdot}KI7$ bilaterally and the needle was twirled and rotated forward with the forefinger of the right hand 9times, AT4; acupuncture therapy at$LU8{\cdot}KI7$ bilaterally and the needle was inserted to the direction following the flowing route of the meridian(digital direction), AT5; acupuncture therapy at $LU8{\cdot}KI7$ bilaterally, the needle was inserted to the direction following the flowing route of the meridian(digital direction) and the needle was twirled and rotated forward with the thumb of the right hand 9times. Acupuncture therapy was carried out 7times during 2weeks after focal ischemia-induced. The anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects of acupuncture are observed by Bax, Bcl-2, mGluR5, cytochrome c, Cresyl violet and ChAT-stain. Results : The intensity of Bax was decreased in AC1, AC4, AC5 group, was increased in AC2, AC3 group. The intensity of Bcl-2 was increased in AC2, AC3, AC4, AC5 group. The intensity of mGluR5 was decreased in AC1 group, was increased in AC4, AC5 group. The intensity of Cytochrome c was increased in ACI, AC2 group, was decreased in AC4, AC5 group. The density of neurons stained by Cresyl violet was increased in all group without control group. The density of ChAT was increased in AC2, ACS group. Conclusions : Our study suggests that AC5 group show anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects on cholinergic neuron in focal cerebral ischemia of the stroke in rats.

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The Role of Adenosine Receptors on Acetylcholine Release in the Rat Striatum

  • Kim, Do-Kyung;Kim, Hyeon-A;Choi, Bong-Kyu
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • 제1권1호
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    • pp.1-12
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    • 1997
  • As it has been reported that the depolarization induced acetylcholine (ACh) release is modulated by activation of presynaptic $A_1$ adenosine heteroreceptor and various evidence suggest that indicate the $A_2$ adenosine receptor is present in the striatum, this study was undertaken to delineate the role of adenosine receptors on the striatal ACh release. Slices from the rat striatum were equilibrated with $[^3H]$choline and then the release amount of the labelled product, $[^3H]$ACh, which was evoked by electrical stimulation (rectangular pulses, 3 Hz, 2 ms, 24 mA, $5\;Vcm^{-1}$, 2 min), was measured, and the influence of various agents on the evoked tritium outflow was investigated. And also, quantitative receptor autoradiography and drug-receptor binding assay were performed in order to confirm the presence and characteristics of $A_1$ and $A_2$ adenosine receptors in the rat striatum. Adenosine $(10{sim}100\;{mu}M)$ and $N^6$-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA, $1{sim}100\;{mu}M)$ decreased the $[^3H]$ACh release in a dose-dependent manner without changing the basal rate of release in the rat striatum. The reducing effects of ACh release by adenosine and CPA were abolished by 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropy-Ixanthine (DPCPX, 2 ${mu}M$), a selective $A_1$, adenosine receptor antagonist, treatment. The effect of adenosine was potentiated markedly by 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine (DMPX, 10 ${mu}M$), a specific $A_2$ adenosine receptor antagonist. 2-P-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamimo-5'-N- ethylcarboxamidoadenosine hydrochloride (CGS-21680C), in concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 10 ${mu}M$, a recently introduced potent $A_2$ adenosine receptor agonist, increased the $[^3H]$ACh release in a dose related fashion without changing the basal rate of release. These effects were completely abolished by DMPX $(10\;{mu}M)$. In autoradiograrhy experiments, $[^3H]$2-chloro-$N^6$-cyclopentyladenosine ($[^3H]$ CCPA) bindings were highly localized in the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex. Additionally, lower levels of binding were found in the striatum. However, $[^3H]$CGS-21680C bindings were highly localized in the striatal region with the greatest density of binding found in the caudate nucleus and putamen. Lower levels of binding were also found in the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle. In drug-receptor binding assay, binding of $[^3H]$ CCPA to $A_1$ adenosine receptors of rat striatal membranes was inhibited by CPA ($K_i$ = 1.6 nM) and N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA, $K_i$ = 12.9 nM), but not by CGS-21680C ($K_i$ = 2609.2 nM) and DMPX ($K_i$ = 19,386 nM). In contrast, $[^3H]$CGS-21680C binding to $A_2$ denosine receptors was inhibited by CGS-21680C ($K_i$ = 47.6 nM) and NECA ($K_i$ = 44.9 nM), but not by CPA ($K_i$ = 2099.2 nM) and DPCPX ($K_i$ = 19,207 nM). The results presented here suggest that both types of $A_1$ and $A_2$ adenosine heteroreceptors exist and play an important role in ACh release in the rat striatal cholinergic neurons.

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