• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.757-764
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• 2002

Chlorination dosage in water treatment plant of field is determined by chlorination demand experiment through two or three hours after raw water was sampled in inflow. It is impossible to continuously control for real time because the sampled water is adapted chlorination dosage after water treatment process had been proceeded. Therefore in this study, we will design informal chlorination demand system, this designed system will be experimented as to water quality and accuracy of control in various conditions. Throughout these experimental results, we will revise the system and the revised system is enable to optimal control of chlorination dosage. Finally, we have developed chlorination demand system, which can automatically determination of chlorination dosage to be determined according to variety of raw water quality inflow in water treatment plant.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2000년도 춘계학술대회논문집B
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• pp.807-812
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• 2000

Chlorination dosage in water treatment plant of field is determined by chlorination demand experiment through two or three hours after raw water was sampled in inflow. It is impossible to continuously control fer real time because sampled water is adapted chlorination dosage after water treatment process had been proceeded. Therefore in this study, we will design informal chlorination demand system this designed system will be experimented as to water quality and accuracy of control in various conditions. Throughout these. experimental results, we will revise the system and revised system is enable to optimal control of chlorination dosage. Finally, We have developed chlorination demand system, which can automatically determination of chlorination dosage to be determined according to variety of raw water quality inflow in water treatment plant.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.27-36
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• 1998

The surface of wiper blade(W/B) rubber was chlorinated by chemical treatment method using the hydrochloric acid(HCI) and sodium hypochlorite(NaOCl). From the results of contact angle measurement, friction coefficient measurement, and ATR-IR spectra, the surface characteristics of chlorinated W/B rubber with time of chlorination were studied. Contact angles for W/B rubber with increasing time of chlorination and chlorine concentration were measured for the water and ethylene glycol. From the results, contact angle fell rapidly with increasing time of chlorination and chlorine concentration, reaching a constant value after about 10min. And the wettability of W/B rubber surface by means of chlorination has been improved. For an unchlorinated W/B rubber, the friction coefficient with time of chlorination decreased from 1.27 to 0.20~0.23 on full chlorination. As the results it was considered that abrasion resistance of W/B rubber surface has been also improved. The values of pH and $Cl^-$ ion concentration in a chlorine treatment solution decreased as the extent of chlorination of W/B rubber surface increased. From the results of ATR-IR spectra, it was observed that C=C double band of W/B rubber surface transformed into C-Cl band, but quantitative determination of the extent of chlorination was not feasible because of the complexity of chlorination reactions.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.472-476
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• 2011

Sodium chlorate/hydrochloric acid mixtures were used to chlorinate activated arenes and the $\alpha$-position of ketones. This chlorination method was used to produce selectively mono-, di-, and trichlorinated compounds by controlling the molarity of sodium chlorate. This reagent proved to be much more efficient and easier to handle than chlorine gas.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.213-218
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• 2008

Prediction models for post-chlorination require complicated information of reaction time, chlorine dosage considering flow rate as well as environmental conditions such as turbidity, temperature and pH. In order to operate post-chlorination process effectively, the correlations between inlet and outlet of clear well were investigated to develop prediction models of chlorine dosages in post-chlorination process. Correlations of environmental conditions including turbidity and chlorine dosage were investigated to predict residual chlorine at the outlet of clear well. A linear regression model and autoregressive model were developed to apply for the post-chlorination which take place time delay due to detention in clear well tank. The results from autoregressive model show the correlationship of 0.915~0.995. Consequently, the autoregressive model developed in this study would be applicable for real time control for post chlorination process. As a result, the autoregressive model for post chlorination which take place time delay and have multi parameters to control system would contribute to water treatment automation system by applying the process control algorithm.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.412-424
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• 2019

Global fitting functions for Fe-selective chlorination in ilmenite($FeTiO_2$) and successive chlorination of beneficiated $TiO_2$ are proposed and validated based on a comparison with experimental data collected from the literature. The Fe-selective chlorination reaction is expressed by the unreacted shrinking core model, which covers the diffusion-controlling step of chlorinated Fe gas that escapes through porous materials of beneficiated $TiO_2$ formed by Fe-selective chlorination, and the chemical reaction-controlling step of the surface reaction of unreacted solid ilmenite. The fitting function is applied for both chemical controlling steps of the unreacted shrinking core model. The validation shows that our fitting function is quite effective to fit with experimental data by minimum and maximum values of determination coefficients of $R^2$ as low as 0.9698 and 0.9988, respectively, for operating parameters such as temperature, $Cl_2$ pressure, carbon ratio and particle size that change comprehensively. The global fitting functions proposed in this study are expressed simply as exponential functions of chlorination rate(X) vs. time(t), and each of them are validated by a single equation for various reaction conditions. There is therefore a certain practical merit for the optimal process design and performance analysis for field engineers of chlorination reactions of ilmenite and $TiO_2$.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.842-850
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• 2006

The role of chlorination reactions in the formation of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in a municipal waste incinerator was assessed using a chlorination model for predicting PCDF isomer distributions. Complete distributions of PCDF congeners were obtained from a stoker-type municipal waste incinerator operated under 13 test conditions. Samples were collected from the flue gas prior to the gas cleaning system. While total PCDF yields varied by a factor of five to six, the distributions of congeners were similar. A chlorination model, dependent only on the observed distribution of monochlorinated isomers, was developed to predict the distributions of poly-chlorinated isomers formed by chlorination of dibenzofuran (DF). Agreement between predicted and measured PCDF isomer distributions was high for all homologues, supporting the hypothesis that DF chlorination can play an important role in the formation of PCDF byproducts.

• 청정기술
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.107-113
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• 2019

2단 유동층 염화로에서 일메나이트광의 선택염화반응과 이산화티탄의 탄소염화반응의 염화도를 예측하기 위해서 shrinking core 모델과 유출률 및 입자파손을 고려한 수치 모델을 개발하였다. 입자분포를 고려하여 입자별 물질 수지와 염화반응을 반영할 수 있는 유동층 염화 반응 해석이 가능하다. 유동층 염화로의 실험값과 비교하여 약 6% 오차율의 정확성을 보였다. 입자 크기에 따라서는 입자 크기가 작을수록 염화도의 변화가 더 크게 나타났으며 염화도 1의 값에 도달하는 반응시간 차이가 약 100 min 정도로 나타났다. 온도의 변화($800{\sim}1000^{\circ}C$)에 대한 염화도의 변화는 염화도 0.9에 도달하는 반응시간이 약 10 min 차이로 크게 나타나지 않았다. 1단계 선택염화공정에서 일메나이트광의 질량감소율은 180 min 경과 시에 이론값인 0.4735 값에 근접하고, Fe 성분의 염화도는 $FeCl_2$ 또는 $FeCl_3$로 변환되어 180 min 경과 시에는 거의 1의 값을 보인다. 2단계 탄소염화공정에서 $TiO_2$의 염화도는 180 min 경과 시 0.98에 근접하고, 질량분율은 0.02에 도달하여 $TiCl_4$로 변환되는 것으로 나타났다. 1단계 선택염화공정에서 $TiO_2$는 180 min 경과 시에 98%까지 생성되었다가 연속적인 2단계 탄소염화공정에서 추가로 90 min 경과 시(총 경과 시간 270 min)에 99% $TiCl_4$로 전환되는 것으로 나타나고, 질량감소율도 99% 이상 감소하였다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.55-60
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• 1968

芳香族誘道體 化合物의 鹽素化反應을 紫外線照射 및 ${\gamma}$-線照射下에서 行하였던 바 ethyl,${\alpha} ,{\beta} -dichloro-{\beta}$-phenyl propionate의 境遇 紫外線下에서는 主로 p-chloro 化合物이 生成되었다. 같은 反應을 ${\gamma}$-線 照射下에서 行한 結果 에스텔과 鹽素의 몰比가 1:2일 때에는 p-chloro 化合物이 主로 生成되었으나 몰比가 1:8인 境遇에는 側鎖鹽素化物이라고 判斷되는 多鹽素化合物이 生成되었다. 反應生成物을 確認하기 爲하여서 ethyl , ${\alpha} ,{\beta} -dichloro-{\beta}$-(p-chlorophenyl) propionate 및 ethyl${\alpha} ,{\beta} -dichloro-{\beta}$ -($o$-chlorophenyl) propionate 를 各各 ${\gamma}$-線 照射下에서 鹽素化시켜 보았더니 p-chloro誘道體에서는 側鎖鹽素化物을, o-chloro誘道體에서는 o,p-dichlorophenyl 化合物에 各各 該當하는 鹽素化物을 生成하였다. 化合物 確認에는 放射化 thin layer chromatography를 利用 하였으며 鹽素含量을 放射化分析法을 分析하였다. 反應結果를 鹽素化反應에 對한 芳香族의 置換基의 效果와 關聯시켜 論議하였으며 實驗方法을 記述하였다.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.173-180
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• 2012

SiC particles, 8.3 ${\mu}m$ in volume average diameter, were chlorinated in an alumina tubular reactor, 2.4 cm in diameter and 32 cm in length, with reactor temperature varied from 100 to $1200^{\circ}C$. The flow rate of the gas admitted to the reactor was held constant at 300 cc/min, the mole fraction of chlorine in the gas at 0.1 and the reaction time at 4 h. The chlorination was negligibly small up to the temperature of $500^{\circ}C$. Thereafter, the degree of chlorination increased remarkably with increasing temperature until $900^{\circ}C$. As the temperature was increased further from 900 to $1200^{\circ}C$, the increments in chlorination degree were rather small. At $1200^{\circ}C$, the chlorination has nearly been completed. The surface area of the residual carbon varied with chlorination temperature in a manner similar to that with the variation of chlorination degree with temperature. The surface area at $1200^{\circ}C$ was 912 $m^{2}/g$. A simple model was developed to predict the conversion of a SiC under various conditions. A Langmuir-Hinshelwood type rate law with two rate constants was employed in the model. Assuming that the two rate constants, $k_{1}$ and $k_{2}$, can be expressed as $A_{1e}^{-E_{1}/RT}$ and $A_{2e}^{-E_{2}/RT}$, the four parameters, $A_{1}$, $E_{1}$, $A_{2}$, and $E_{2}$ were determined to be 32.0 m/min, 103,071 J/mol, 2.24 $m^{3}/mol$ and 39,526 J/mol, respectively, through regression to best fit experimental data.