• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.121-129
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• 2014

This study was carried out to research the locations and comprehensive functions of Chinese unique Banwoldang(half-moon shaped pond) appeared at the traditional Chinese villages. Based on the research, the time of Banwoldang being introduced into Chinese traditional culture could date back to Yuan Dynasty and villages that have Banwoldang mainly distributed in the south of the Yangtze River of China where wealthy and high class have lived. Bamwoldangs were mostly built at the front of the village clan halls for the prosperity of the whole clan, The main reason of Banwoldang construction was to complete Feng Shui functions and its goal from the point of Feng Shui in Chinese ancient villages was replenishing the power of location, including increasing the probability of passing the imperial examination for villagers, multiplying riches, minimizing the fire accident and perfecting the geomantic pattern 'leaning against the hill and facing the water(背山臨水)' of villages. Other functions of Banwoldang were found as the place for the community meeting, fish farming and protection of village from enemy. In this research, the reasons of Banwoldang location and values of its various functions were found. But Banwoldang is disappearing rapidly at the Chinese modern villages because there is no interest in traditional culture. Banwoldang is one of unique elements of Chinese culture that must be preserved, so its meaning and value should be lasted well as the Chinese traditional cultures.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.95-102
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• 2015

This study conducted the survey on the resources of traditional villages based on AHP in the subjects with the specialists in Korea and China to seek the resource evaluation standards to apply the preservation and development of traditional villages, and the differences of the importance on the resources among the specialists in both countries. We classified three levels of evaluation items to aim the deductions of the importance and priority in the resources of traditional villages. Upon the analysis results, natural resources were important in the level 1; environmental, historical, facility resources were important in the level 2; and the factors such as air, topography, traditional houses, agricultural landscape, shared community facilities, interchanges between urban and rural areas, family activities, and so on were important in the level 3. The factors that both Korean and Chinese groups evaluated as the most important ones were the same. In terms of overall importance by evaluation items, the factors such as air, water quality, noise, traditional houses, topography, shared community facilities, and so on were rated as relatively important in both Korean and Chinese groups. That is, the traditional villages have the necessity to preserve the cultural resources like their duties, however, it is required to control the natural environment with good quality preferentially. This study results can compare the importance on the resources of traditional village between Korea and China. Moreover, with calculation of the priority and scores for the preservation and management of traditional villages, they are expected to be used as the tool to apply the quantitative data in the evaluation process of traditional village resources in both countries.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.105-112
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to analyze characteristics of literature on the residential environments of Korean-Chinese people residing in China. The number of such studies on residential environment is a total of 123, of which 86 (69.9%) are Korean studies and 37 (30.1%) are Chinese studies. Research has been conducted in China since the 1980s, but from 1990s onward, research was conducted in Korea following the establishment of diplomatic ties between the two nations. More studies related to history, society, and tradition have been conducted in China than Korea because China is a multiracial nation and Korean-Chinese people comprise an ethnic minority. In terms of residential environment, the majority of studies are related to architecture and space and are typically focused on villages and housing. Studies on traditional housing of the Korean-Chinese focus on general characteristics of traditional housing, targeting China's three northeast provinces and the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture of China. Studies on modern housing of the Korean-Chinese have mainly been conducted in Yanji City in China. The reason for this is that 41% of Yanji City's population is Korean-Chinese, a distinct difference can be seen between Yanji City and other areas regarding changes of modern housing, and ondol (the traditional Korean floor heating system) is commonly found in modern housing there.

• Korea Science and Art Forum
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• v.35
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• pp.315-329
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• 2018

This study starts from the points of comparative analysis about cultural differences of old traditional communities. Those communities are Chinese Fujian tulou and Historic Villages of Korea Hahoe and Yangdong. (i..e.Yangdong ) I worked field study on traditional communities in two countries and literiture study. I have analysied on characteristics of Fujian tulou and Yangdong. and compared Fujian tulou's characteristics with traditional characteristics of Yangdong The results of this study are as follows. First, Fujian tulou was built according to the nature, and they have worshipped their anscestor and they are the blood relative community. Second, Yangdong was built according to the nature, too. But Yangdong has been completely reflected the confusianal societies' classes.( ex : yangban and slave ) Yangdong has the characteristics on confusianal community. From the results of this study, I think that further study is needed about non- physical cultural factors which were served to maintain the traditional community like governance, self doctrine and community rules.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.18
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• pp.449-480
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• 2009

In this paper, I tried to study the change of the Chinese performing arts market during the 10th 5year development plan, from year 2001 to year 2005 by both of the quantitative and qualitative analysis, because it's really the time when we need to understand the growing market of chinese culture along with the development of the Chinese cultural industry. During that period, the Chinese government developed the policy to establish a healthy cultural market and strengthen it's cultural power; the parts who product the piece of performing arts including the performing troupes, the theatres and the production companies were consolidated and became familiar to market through the reformation of the organization; and the audience who consume the performing arts and entertainments still shows very Chinese characteristics in the cities and villages. In the village, the audiences invite the troupe to play their local theatre in many occasions of their life according to their traditional beliefs, also somehow to show their wealth. The fact that the local governments and the companies are very important consumer groups in China is also very 'Chinese' characteristics. It means that Chinese performing arts are still more or less under the influence of the political ideas. Nonetheless it is worthy of notice that Chinese performing arts not only develope the new contents in very creative way and also try to learn the knowhow of the excellent items of foreign countries by inviting them to the festivals or organize a co-productions on the basis of the upgraded cultural power through the 10th 5 year development plan.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.81-92
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to find one of the standard scales of outside space. Fortunately, Korea has interesting old geographical name representing the environment where people feel comfortable by being enclosed by hills or mountains like in a room. The name of Chinese letter "谷" meaning valley is enunciated as "Gog", and Korean native equivalent word is "Sil." We thought we can find the standards of scale of the villages with name that ends with "Gog" or "Sil" by examining the scale of the village of the certain geographical name. We could collect 33 village's geographical names in Jin An Gun area, examined the scale, and considered the results from various aspects. The main conclusions are following: 1) Almost of the 33 villages with geographical names of "Gog", or "Sil" were surrounded by the hills of mountains, and the scales of the spaces surrounded were roughly 10~25ha. 2) Our ancestors felt comfortable be being enclosed with hills or mountains like in a room, and they have recognized the certain scale of the enclosed spaces. 3) After converting the 33 areas into squares for convenience, the scales of the spaces with the geographical name of "Gog" or "Sil" were roughly $300m{\times}300m{\sim}500m{\times}500m$.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.844-859
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• 2013

This study investigated the characteristics and changes of cotton and silk textile production in Honam district, especially in Gurye, Jella Province from the 1930s to the 1980s. To do this, research method in this study was both literature and fieldwork research and results were as follows. First, in terms of cotton fiber cultivation of Gurye, Chinese Cotton(在來綿) has been substituted for America Cotton(陸地綿) and additionally, Yellow Cotton (黃綿) has been cultivated in the 1930s. Also, in terms of silk fiber cultivation of Gurye, Joseon Silkworm has been substituted for Japanese Silkworm by inflowing the Japanese mulberry tree. Second, in terms of spinning method, cotton spinning has been conducted at every house by an individual tool from the 1930s to the 1950s and has been gradually changed to mechanization by market shop equipped with mechanized cotton gin and cotton whipping tool. However, there have been no changes in silk spinning method from the 1930s to the 1980s. Third, loom type has been changed from the traditional Korean back-strap loom to the treadle loom between the 1930s and the 1940s. Fourth, dyeing was conducted by chemical dyestuff after weaving. The circulation of textile was done through the joint market by Japan in the 1930s~1950s and has changed to the market sales by producers since the 1950s. Fifth, since the 1970s, the outputs of cotton and silk textile of Gurye have been reduced. This was connected with the westernization and the inflow of the synthetic fiber and cloth in cotton and was related to the changes of the nation policy and silk fiber inflow from the china to the Korean farm villages.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.182-197
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• 2011

This research was carried out to investigate the history and development process of the Bansu(泮水) which appeared uniquely at the Chinese 'temple-school(廟學)', Confucian schools as the common and necessary facility through the literature reviews and field surveys. The earliest record about the Bansu was shown in "The Book of Odes(詩經)". Originally Bansu was the water system which flowed near the 'Banpalace(泮宮)', but, in the following time, Bansu has become the symbol of the school which was built by the feudal lords and a very important element in the temple-school landscape. Temple-schools were started at Song(宋) Dynasty and at that time there was no certain form of Bansu, just the natural water course near the structure. Until Ming Dynasty, the "Picture of the Feudal lords' Ban-su" in the book "Samjedohoe(三才圖會)" that compiled by Wang-Xi(王圻), the form of Bansu was appeared to be transformed as the half-round pond. And the half-round pond as called Banji(泮池) of today's form was all rebuilt after Ming Dynasty. The half-moon pond appeared at the private houses, shrines, temples and villages were influenced by the book. From this research we can get the conclusions that Banji seemed one of the sacred one and used in the space arrangement formally for the various functions. This research has found the cultures of half-moon ponds which were used uniquely in China.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.92-102
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• 2020

The followings are the landscape preference aspects from the 816 landscapes(景, Kyung), which comprise the 78 modern Palkyungs, presented by the 78 local governments in Korea. First, the natural environment elements selected as Kyung(景), which are topographical landscapes, mostly consist of mountain elements such as mountains, terrace(臺), rocks and stones and water elements classified as rivers, oceans, and lakes. Natural elements also include old-growth and giant trees such as pines, ginkgos, Japanese cornels and fringe trees, tree-lined streets and forests, and plant elements such as azaleas, rhododendrons, lotuses, reeds, and silver grasses which provide seasonal landscapes. Second, more than half of Kyung, selected as human environment elements, are historical and cultural heritages such as graveyards, mountain fortresses, town fortresses, traditional villages, pavilion in villas, and temples. And it is followed by leisure tourism facilities such as traditional markets, exhibition halls, theme parks, beaches, and food streets, green-based structures such as trails, plazas, parks, and botanical gardens, and industrial heritages such as ranches, abandoned coal mines, stations, ports and bridges. Third, modern Palkyungs include objects not related to the views such as local representative facilities, regional products, and festivals. Fourth, although most of the modern Palkyungs consist of eight, some include 20, 38, or 100 in order to increase the number of objects of public relations. Fifth, a certain local government makes two modern Palkyungs with different subjects by introducing traditional Palkyung and modern Palkyung altogether. In this case, it presents several modern Palkyungs like by selecting Palkyungs in a limited area. Furthermore, one Palkyung includes numerous place names at a time in some cases. Sixth, Sosangjeonhyeong(瀟湘典型)-style modern Palkyung uses 'NakAn(落雁)' as the name of Kyung. Sosangyusahyeong(瀟湘類似型)-style modern Palkyung expresses 'Hyojong(曉鐘)' and landscape of glow of the setting sun, sunset, night view, dawn, sunrise and depicts cloud, sunset, moon, and snow. There are many Myeongsocheheomhyeong(名所體驗型)-style Palkyungs exhibiting the behavior of tourism and Myeongseunghyeong(名勝型)-style Palkyungs raising the awareness only by the names of the places. Seventh, modern Palkyung's naming styles are diverse, such as using only four letters instead of specifying Kyungmul(景物) or Kyungsaek(景色) in combination with Chinese characters or adding modifiers specializing in places.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.83-99
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• 1994

Ch'ang-Ts'al-Ts'un is a rural Village near Lung-jing City in Yen-pien Korean Autonomous Province of China. It was formed about 100 years ago by Korean Immigrants and has been developed maintaing the characteristics of traditional Korean architecture. Therefore investigating the spatial structure of this village is a meanigful work to confirm and explore one branch of Korean architecture. This study aims at analyzing the spatial structure of the village using direct data collected from the field work and indirect data from books and maps. The field work consists of on-the-site survey of the village layout, interviews of residents, observation notes and photography. Ch'ang-Ts'ai-Ts'un is located 360-370 m high above the sea level and at the side of a long valley. A river flows in the middle of the valley and relatively flat arable land exists at the both sides of the river. The location of the village related to the surrounding river and mountains suggests that the site of the village was chosen according to Feng-Shui, Chinese and Korean traditional architectural theory. The main direction of the house layouts is South-western. The village has been growing gradually until today. Therefore it is meaningful to make the village layout before Liberation(1946 A.D.) because the characteristics of Korean architecture prevailed more in that period. The area of the previous village is limited to the west side of the creek. New houses were later added to the east of the creek, forming a 'New Village'. Previously the village was composed of 3 small villages: Up, Middle and Down. Also the main access roads connecting the village with the neighboring villages were penetrating the village transversely. Presently the main access road comes to the village longitudinally from the main highway located in front of the village. The retrospective layout shows the existence of well-formed Territory, Places and Axes, thus suggesting a coherent Micro-cosmos. The boundary of imaginery territory perceived by present residents could be defined by linking conspicous outside places sorrounding the village such as Five-mountains, Front-mountain, Shin-dong village, Standing-rock, Rear-mountain and Myong-dong village. Inside the territory there are also the important places such as Bus-stop, Memorial tower of patriots, Road-maitenance building and the village itself. And inside it 5 transverse and 1 longitudinal axes exist in the form of river, roads and mountains. The perceived spatial structure of the village formed by Places, Axes and Territory is geometrical and well-balanced and suggests this village is fit for human settlement. The administrative area of the village is about 738 ha, 27 % of which is cultivated land and the rest is mountain area. Initially the village and surrounndings were covered with natural forest But the trees have been gradually cut down for building and warning houses, resulting in the present barren and artificial landscape with bare mountains and cultivated land. At present the area of the village occupied by houses is wedge-shaped, 600 m wide and 220 m deep in its maximum. The total area of the village is $122,175m^{2}$. The area and the rate of each sub-division arc as follow. 116 house-lots $91,465m^{2}$ (74.9 %) Land for public buildings and shops $2,980m^{2}$ (2.4 %) Roads $17,106m^{2}$ (14.0 %) Creek $1,356m^{2}$ (1.1 %) Vacant spaces and others $9,268m^{2}$ (7.6 %) TOTAL $122,175m^{2}$ (100.0 %) Each lot is fenced around with vertical wooden pannels 1.5-1.8 m high and each house is located to the backside of the lot. The open space of a lot is sub-divided into three areas using the same wooden fence: Front yard, Back yard and Access area. Front and back yards are generally used for crop-cultivation, the custom of which is rare in Korea. The number of lots is 116 and the average size of area is $694.7m^{2}$. Outdoor spaces in the village such as roads, vacant spaces, front yard of the cultural hall, front yard of shops and spacse around the creek are good 'behavioral settings' frequently used by residents for play, chatting, drinking and movie-watching. The road system of the village is net-shaped, having T-junctions in intersections. The road could be graded to 4 categories according to their functions: Access roads, Inner trunk roads, Connecting roads and Culs-de-sac. The total length of the road inside the village is 3,709 m and the average width is 4.6 m. The main direction of the road in the village is NNE-SSE and ESE-WNW, crossing with right angles. Conclusively, the spatial structure of Ch'ang-Ts'ai-Ts'un village consists of various components in different dimensions and these components form a coherent structure in each dimension. Therefore the village has a proper spatial structure meaningful and appropriate for human living.