• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.174-183
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• 2022

The abstract should summarize the contents of the paper and written below the author information. Use the word "Abstract" as the title, in 12-point Times New Roman, boldface type, italicized, centered relative to the column, initially capitalized, fixed-spacing at 13 pt., 12 pt. spacing before the text and 6 pt. after. The abstract content is to be in 11-point, italicized, single spaced type. Leave one blank line after the abstract, and then begin the keywords. All manuscripts must be in English. When it comes to the issue of "virtual and real" in traditional Chinese painting, the first impression is to describe the problems of painting strokes and ink, layout of pictures, etc., but it runs through the initial conception of the work, creation in the middle and aesthetic appreciation of the work. It exists in the whole process of artistic creation and appreciation. In essence, it is a problem of aesthetic thinking and philosophical thinking. Because the traditional Chinese painting theory is influenced by Taoism, when the concept of "virtual and real" is implemented in the specific picture of Chinese painting, it is contained in the specific shape of "physics", that is, the painting theory research of "blank space" in the picture. Based on the traditional Taoist philosophy of China, this paper takes the "virtual and real" view in Lao Zhuang's thought as the research object, deeply analyzes and compares its relationship with the "virtual and real" in Chinese landscape painting, and finds out their artistic spirit, essential characteristics and how to present them. This paper mainly discusses the internal relationship between Taoist philosophy and "virtual and real" in Chinese landscape painting from the following aspects. The introduction expounds the origin, purpose, significance, innovation and research methods of the topic. This paper analyzes the philosophical thoughts about landscape in the philosophical thoughts represented by Lao Tzu and Zhuangzi. The development of Chinese traditional aesthetics theory is closely related to Taoist philosophy, which has laid the foundation and pointed out the direction for the development of Chinese painting theory since ancient times. It also discusses the influence of the Taoist philosophy of "the combination of the virtual and real" on the emergence and development of the artistic conception of landscape painting. Firstly, through the analysis of the artistic conception of landscape painting and its constituent factors, it is pointed out that the artistic conception is affected by the personality and the painting artistic conception. Secondly, through the Taoist thought of "the combination of the virtual and real" in landscape painting, so as to reflect that it is the source of the artistic conception of Chinese landscape painting. It is the unique spiritual concept of "Yin and Yang" and "virtual and real" that creates the unique "blank space" aesthetic realm of Chinese painting in the composition of the picture. Finally, it focuses on the "nothingness" in Taoist philosophy and the "blank space" in Chinese landscape painting. The connotation of the "blank space" in Chinese painting exceeds its own expressive significance, which makes the picture form the aesthetic principle of emotional blending, virtual and real combination and dynamic and static integration. Through the "blank space", it deepens the artistic characteristics of the picture and sublimates the expression of "form" in Chinese painting.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.33-45
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• 1999

The essence of Chinese landscape architecture is realization of a space that embraces nature and human integrating the openness and encloseness. The concept of landscape architecture that artificially furnishes natural elegance into urban areas coincides with the spiritual basis of Chinese literati-painting which subjectifies the scenery of objective world and entrusts personal feelings on that. In other words, the ultimate ideal of Chinese landscape architecture is embodying the Utopia of confucian intellectual in a city. This paper has tried to shed a light on inter-relationship of literati-painting theory and Chinese landscape architecture theory through comparing them. It is the identical spiritual basis they shared harmoniously that made landscape architecture, poetry and painting possible to meet.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.85-95
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• 2010

근대이전 동아시아의 상류사회는 시서화 삼위일체의 통합체제를 유지해왔고 이에 따라 정원조성의 원리 또한 산수화의 작화원리를 참조하며 발전해 왔다. 본 연구는 중국의 산수화론과 원림론을 비교, 양자 간의 상호관계를 검토함으로써 동양그림의 경관관이 원림의 작정원리에 미친 영향을 고찰하고자 하였다. 양자 간의 비교는 내용과 형식의 양 측면에서 이루어졌다. 여기서 내용은 주로 가치와 의미 등 비가시적 측면을 말하고, 형식은 주로 시각과 공간 등 가시적 측면을 말한다. 먼저 산수화론에 있어 내용면의 주요 주제는 무엇보다도 '기운생동(氣韻生動)'이었다. 이는 음양사상을 기반으로한 동양문화 고유의 가치인데, 남조의 사혁이 이론화한 것이다. 이에 대응하는 원림론의 주요 주제는 '풍수(風水)'와 '의경(意境)'이었다. 풍수 역시 음양사상을 기반으로 한 지기(地氣)의 원리이고, '의경'이란 시서화 공동의 가치로서 마음의 경지를 의미하는데, 특히 원림론에서는 가시적 경관 이면의 상징적 의미를 말하고 있다. 형식면에서 산수화론의 두드러진 주제는 북송조 곽희에 의해 정립된 '삼원법(三遠法)'이라는 일종의 동양화의 투시도법으로 다원적 조망을 특징으로 한다. 이에 대응하는 원림론의 주제는 '인지(因地)'와 '차경(借景)'으로 명조의 계성이 이론화하였으며, 각각 대상지 내외부 경관자원의 조성과 차용을 의미한다. 특히 차경의 세목들은 삼원법의 각 관점에 대응하고 있다. 결론적으로 동아시아 원림론에 등장하는 주요 개념들은 화론과 매우 긴밀하게 연관되어 있었으며 이로서 원림술은 예술의 한 분야로 인정받아 왔다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.104.2-104.2
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• 1997

Ji Cheng''''s great work on garden design theory, the ''''Yuanye'''', written in 1631 and originally published in 1634 is the first surviving treatise and most famous and comprehensive work on the suvject in the Chinese tradition. He constructed Dongdiyuan in Changzhou about 1623, Wuyuan in Yizheng in 1631, and Yingyuan in Yangzhou about 1634. But no poems and paintings written by him still exist, and none of his known gardens has survived. Therefore his design philosophy is able to be interpreted only by his work, Yuanye. This study aims at investigating the garden design theory in Yuanye. The results were summarized as follows. 1) Yuanye reflected the garden tastes of literati, and Ji Cheng endeavored to express the deas of literati painting into gardens. 2) The essence of the garden design theory is Xingzao, and Yindi, following the existing lie of the land, and Jiejing, to borrow from the scenery, are two major activities of Xingzao. 3) Ji Cheng''''s design theory build up on the basis of recognizing the existence of masters. 4) Yindi is the environmental and ecological planning and design method. This is the activity to reach the state of artistry through suitability. 5) Jiejing is not merely borrowing the landscape but the making use of scenery around the garden. And only the master has the skill in fitting in with the form of the land. 6) Ji Cheng pursuits the garden which will look like something naturally created though manmade. It is the goal of the Chinese traditional gardens and ideal situation. 7) Ji Cheng aims to unify the environment and landscape design dialectically into Xingzao.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.117-134
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• 1997

Ji Cheng's great work on garden design theory, the 'Yuanye', written in 1631 and originally published in 1634 is the first surviving treatise and most famous and comprehensive work on the suvject in the Chinese tradition. He constructed Dongdiyuan in Changzhou about 1623, Wuyuan in Yizheng in 1631, and Yingyuan in Yangzhou about 1634. But no poems and paintings written by him still exist, and none of his known gardens has survived. Therefore his design philosophy is able to be interpreted only by his work, Yuanye. This study aims at investigating the garden design theory in Yuanye. The results were summarized as follows. 1) Yuanye reflected the garden tastes of literati, and Ji Cheng endeavored to express the deas of literati painting into gardens. 2) The essence of the garden design theory is Xingzao, and Yindi, following the existing lie of the land, and Jiejing, to borrow from the scenery, are two major activities of Xingzao. 3) Ji Cheng's design theory build up on the basis of recognizing the existence of masters. 4) Yindi is the environmental and ecological planning and design method. This is the activity to reach the state of artistry through suitability. 5) Jiejing is not merely borrowing the landscape but the making use of scenery around the garden. And only the master has the skill in fitting in with the form of the land. 6) Ji Cheng pursuits the garden which will look like something naturally created though manmade. It is the goal of the Chinese traditional gardens and ideal situation. 7) Ji Cheng aims to unify the environment and landscape design dialectically into Xingzao.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.223-241
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• 1995

Ji Cheng's great work on garden design, the 'Yuanye'(Craft of garden), written in 1631 and originally published in 1634 is the first surviving manual on landscape gardening in the Chinese tradition. This study aims at investigating not only Ji Cheng's life, achievements companionship and design activities, but also the xylographic copies, literary style, and framework of Yuanye in their historical context in order to provide the bases for further study, Ji Cheng was exellent in poetry and painting. And he constructed Dongdiyuan in Changzhou around 1623, Wuyuan in Yiaheng in 1631, and Yingyuan in Yangzhou around 1634 But no poems, paintings, and gardens designed by hi shill exist Therefore his design phi philosophy is able to be interpreted only by his work, Yuanye. After publishing, Yuanye fell into obscurity for several centuries in Chlna. It was redescovered and reprinted for the first time in 1931. Yuanye is composed of prefaces and main text The main text is divided into 'the Theory of Construction' and 'on Gardens', and the latter also into 10 sections. In this text Ji Cheng explains the aesthetic principles underlying garden design and the appropriate emotional response to various efftcts Especially, he emphasizes the importance of basin the garden design on the taxi ting nature and features of landscape and making use of natural scenery. The literary style of the book is highly mannered, and there are so many poetic descriptions and Ji Cheng's native Jiangsu dialects. So the translation of the original text is very difficult After this, the major design concepts of Ji Cheng's landscape gardening theory and whole network of these concepts have to be studied.

• 한국철학논집
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• 제32호
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• pp.309-336
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• 2011

본 연구는 성리학과 문화예술이 밀접한 관계에 있다는 데에서 출발하며, 특히 송대에 흥성한 산수화의 발전에 이론적 근거가 되었음을 연구하였다. 성리학은 고대 동양사회의 정치, 경제, 사상, 문화 예술 심지어 생활에 전반에 걸쳐 근간을 이루어 왔던 유학의 새로운 경향이다. 성리학은 중국의 북송(北宋)대 다섯 학자인 주돈이, 소옹, 장재, 정호, 정이가 그 기틀을 새우고 남송(南宋)의 주희가 집대성한 학문이다. 중국의 원(元)나라를 통해 고려후기에 우리나라에 전래되어 조선의 건국의 기틀이 되었고, 퇴계 이황, 율곡 이이를 거쳐 '문화 전반'에 미치지 않은 곳이 없게 되었다. 본 연구에서는 성리학과 예술론과 관계하여 격물치지, '리', 우주의식, '생의', '기상', '예'와 '도'의 관계 등이 산수화와 산수화론을 통해 어떻게 표현되었는지를 연구하였다. 산수화나 화조화에서도 신유학에서 말하는 천지의 '생의'의 미와 '어진 사람은 만물과 더불어 하나'라는 사상을 화폭에 표현하고자 노력하였다. 또한 시와 회화의 통일을 주장하였다. 동양에서는 송대 이전부터도 시와 회화의 관계를 중시했지만, 송에 이르러 시와 회화의 통일을 이루게 된다. 예를 들어, 명나라 때 조성된 졸정원(拙政園)과 같은 강남 정원 문화는 송대 산수화로부터 기인했다. 산수에서 등장하는 산속의 작은 정자나 가옥들이 정원에 옮겨진 것이다. 이는 곽희가 "임천고치"에서 말한 "가볼 수 있고, 바라볼 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 노닐 수 있고, 살 수 있는 곳"을 화폭 속에 그려야 한다는 것이 명 청대에 이르러서는 현실로 옮겨진 것이다. 또한 현대에 있어서는 환경디자인에 이르기까지 그 영향을 미친다고 할 수 있다. 이와 관련된 지속적인 연구는 앞으로 가상현실, 증강현실 등 디자인 발전 연구, 더 나아가 문화산업의 기초자료로서 복합학문, 학제간 교류에 있어서 없어서는 안 될 중요한 기초자료가 될 것이다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2001

Beginning in the Wei-Chin and Liu Ch´ao era(AD. 220-589), an awareness of natural beauty emerged as the major interest of scholars which created such a social atmosphere that served as the foundation of prosperous Chinese art. During the T´ang period, the desire to achieve natural beauty began to dominate every field of art including gardening. This study covers the T´ang period when scholars began to be conscious of aesthetics. The main objective of this study is to examine the significance of natural beauty as interpreted by Wangwei, an artist representative of the period, and of Wangchuan Villa in relation to aspects of garden theory. This study is mainly based on Wangwei´s anthology, landscape painting describing Wangchuan Villa, and historical records related to the Villa. The summary of conclusions of this study is as follows: 1) Wangwei´s concept of natural beauty is a combination of objective natural beauty and pastoral beauty, which stresses the essential beauty of nature. Moreover, he considered nature as a religious Utopia. 2)Wangchuan Villa, where Wangwei stayed until his death, was a place of seclusion representing his idea of natural beauty. There, he was able to realize the paradise of Buddhism full of zen aspirations. 3)From the perspective of garden theory, Wangchuan Villa can be classified as a suburb villa in terms of location, as a landscape garden in terms of elements, and as a villa based on a typical private land system in terms of forms. In addition, it may be considered as a garden that laid the foundation to realize a field of non-visible image and non-visible landscape, which is fundamental element of scholarly garden design.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2020

호남 남종화의 상징적 거목이자 호남문화의 스승으로 추앙받는 의재 허백련(1891~1977)은 진도출신으로 소치 허련의 방계이며, 미산 허형의 제자이다. 전통 남종화 정신과 그 기법에 충실한 화격(畫格)을 자득(自得)·자화(自化)하였다. 의재(毅齋)는 광주에서 '연진회(鍊眞會)'를 발족시켜 후진양성을 도모하였고, 해방 후 무등산 아래 산장을 짓고 다도인으로서, 그리고 민족정신을 강조하고 실천했던 사회교육자로서의 또 다른 면모도 보였다. 그는 한시와 화론에 조예가 깊었고, 서예에 있어서 독특한 심미경지를 구현하는 등 시(詩)·서(書)·화(畵) 삼절(三絶)의 전형적 서화가였다. 의재(毅齋)는 특히 산수화에서 탁월한 재능을 보였다. 그의 화풍은 예황풍(倪黃風)의 갈필(渴筆)로써 기존 화법을 준수하면서도 문기(文氣)를 중요시 여겼으며, 탈진습기(脫盡習氣)하여 새로운 실험정신으로 끊임없이 도전했다. 의재(毅齋)의 작품세계는 화풍이나 추구하는 관점의 변화를 작품에 사용한 낙관(落款)을 기준으로, 고법(古法)과 사의간원(寫意簡遠)의 숙련기였던 '의재(毅齋)'시대, 실경(實景)과 남화(南畵)의 융합 화풍으로 절정기를 보였던 '의재산인(毅齋散人)'시대, 청담평안(淸談平安)한 신품경지(神品境地) 구현으로 독자적 화풍을 이룬 '의도인(毅道人)'시대 등 총 3시기로 나누어 살펴볼 수 있다. 의재(毅齋)의 공헌은 동양회화의 지류인 한국회화문화의 정통 남종화에 대한 한 축을 이어왔다는 미술사적인 평가를 넘어 남도화의 보편적 정신과 지역적 특성을 바탕한 실경과 정서를 살린 창의적 계승을 통하여 현대를 잇는 조종(祖宗)이었음을 인식하고, 그의 예술정신과 전통에 대한 열정과 실험정신을 계승해야 할 것이다.