• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.541-553
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the use of dentifrice for children, the state of dentifrice for children on the market and the relationship between the bore of dentifrice and the amount of dentifrice used in an effort to provide parents, main consumers of dentifrice for children, with the right information on dentifrice. Methods : Data on the use of children's dentifrice were gathered by investigating parents in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province in July and August, 2009. The selected parents had children aged one to five in Western age. Results : 1. As to the purchase of dentifrice for children, the largest group (75.9%) were aware of the name of the toothbrush used by their children, and the greatest group (97.3%) bought the toothbrush on behalf of them. Advertising was the most dominant source of information on the choice of dentifrice (51.8%), and non-professionals were the most common providers of information on that (55.9%). 2. The amount of dentifrice used at a time was a mean of $0.467{\pm}0.270g$. There was a wide disparity in that aspect from a low of 0.100 to 1.900g. As to the influence of the size of the bore of dentifrice, the greatest amount of dentifrice was used ($0.670{\pm}0.306g$) when the bore of dentifrice was 9 mm in size, and the bore size 9 mm was significantly different from the size 3 mm and 6 mm in that aspect (p<0.001). 3. There was one kind of imported dentifrice for children on the market. Concerning the fluoride ingredient of dentifrice, the biggest number of dentifrice contained MFP only. As to the size of the bore of dentifrice, there was a difference of 3 to 9 mm. Most of dentifrice for children included the pictures of particular characters. Conclusions : The above-mentioned findings illustrated that there is a serious concern for the intake of fluoride among infants and preschoolers, it's needed to pay careful attention to the use of dentifrice. Dentifrice for children should be manufactured in consideration of the relationship between the size of the bore and the amount of dentifrice used.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.227-238
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• 2011

To investigate recognition and use of nutrition labeling on eating-out menus, self-recorded questionnaire was surveyed for 641 consumers who visited hamburger and pizza restaurants in Daejeon from May to July, 2010. Subjects were women of 51.3% and 92.9% aged 10s or 20s. Use frequency of hamburger and pizza restaurants was 2-3 times a month with 56.9%. Of subjects 41.0% knew nutrition labeling mandates of eating-out menus, 64.6% have seen nutrition labels of menus, and 44.5% read nutrition labels when purchasing. Among subjects who read nutrition labels, 67.0% (29.8% of total) referred to it when menu purchase and 60.4% (26.9% of total) experienced changing menu. The ratio of reading nutrition labels was different among gender, diet trial frequency and monthly eating-out cost. Reasons for not reading labels were "not interested in" or "never heard about" for 57.0%, and "not noticeable" for 28.7%. The ratio who read correctly all 3 pieces of information, such as calorie amount, daily value, and way of using daily value was 39.2%. Average number of correct reading was 2.13, which was different among gender, marital status, having children, diet trial frequency, monthly eating-out cost, the restaurants use frequency, and accompanying person. Many subjects wanted to be additionally provided with cholesterol and transfat. Therefore, practical and differentiated consumer educations considering consumer features are required for better nutrition labeling usage. Government's regulatory efforts and voluntary effort of eating-out companies, such as adding nutrients on labels and improving labeling places, are also necessary.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.33-49
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• 2014

Environmental concern has been an important issue for a few decades, and the extent of consumer demand for eco-friendly consumption has been increased. This study seeks to investigate consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) a premium for eco-friendly cosmetics. This study evaluates how much more a consumer is willing to pay for eco-friendly cosmetics and examines significant factors influencing consumers' WTP for eco-friendly cosmetics. Consumers' WTP is measured using four different ecofriendly cosmetics: low-priced skin care cosmetics, low-priced makeup cosmetics, high-priced skin care cosmetics, and high-priced makeup cosmetics. This study uses the contingent valuation method (CVM) to estimate consumer's WTP for eco-friendly cosmetics. Survey questions were designed using both dichotomous choice and payment card method of CVM. Through face to face interviews and on-line surveys, the data were collected from women between 20 and 49 years old residing in Seoul and Kyeonggi area, Korea, in May 2010. A total of 226 questionnaires (132 from interviews and 94 from on-line) were included for the analytical sample in this study. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, T-test and Log-Logit analysis. The findings are as follows: First, the WTP measured by dichotomous choice method was estimated using the Log-Logit analysis. The results showed that the estimated WTP for low-priced skin care cosmetics was 19,152 won, which was 27.7% higher than the reference price, 15,000 won. For low-priced makeup cosmetics, the estimated WTP was 18,524 won, and its green premium was 21.0%. The estimated WTP for high-priced skin care cosmetics was 59,128 won, which was 18.3% higher than the reference price, 50,000 won. For high-priced makeup cosmetics was 57,666 won, and its green premium was 15.3%. Second, the WTP measure by payment card method was estimated using descriptive analysis. The results showed that the respondents were willing to pay 17,955 won for low-priced skin care cosmetics, which was 19.7% higher than the reference price, 15,000 won and 17,595 won for low-priced makeup cosmetics, which was 17.3% higher than the reference price. For high-priced skin care cosmetics, the average WTP was 56,950 won which was 13.9% higher than the reference price, 50,000 won. For high-priced makeup cosmetics, the average WTP was 55,650 won, which was 11.3% higher than the reference price. Overall, the WTP was higher in order of low-priced skin care, low-priced makeup, high-priced skin care, and high-priced makeup. It means that consumers decide degree of premium based on the price and the attributes of eco-friendly products. Third, the findings showed that age, monthly income, and having children or not were statistically significant factors that influenced consumers' willingness to pay for eco-friendly cosmetics. Other explanatory variables such as education, marital status, job, purchase experience of eco-friendly products, and environmental concerns did not show any statistical significance. The major contribution of this study is the investigation of the value of green attributes of the products by using CVM. Unlike most previous researches, this research used two methods of CVM, the dichotomous choice and the payment card, so it enhanced the reliability of research. According to this study, consumers showed price sensitivity when they pay green premium. These findings can be used as useful information to establish marketing strategies for green cosmetics.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.131-152
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• 2012

The aims of this study were to analyze middle-aged households' financial preparation for retirement. Specifically, this study surveyed the relation between human capital investment for children and the middle-aged households' financial preparation for retirement and investigated factors influencing financial preparation for retirement. Data were obtained from the 3rd Korean Retirement and Income Study (KReIS) in 2009, and a sample of 757 households was selected. The statistical methods were frequency, percentile, mean, standard deviation, ${\chi}^2$, t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and logistic regression analysis. The findings of this study are as follows. First, the percentile of preparation for living costs for old age was 49.9% for the middle-aged households. In terms of the types of preparation for living costs for old age, the results showed 61.6% of personal preparation, 33.9% of pension system, and 1.3% for children and relatives. In relation to the adequacy of the preparations for living costs for old age, preparations made by 57.4% of the middle-aged households were inadequate. Observing the minimum living costs for old age and adequate living costs after retirement for single and couple, the minimum living costs of the middle-aged households was 1.46 million won for couple and 0.91 million won for single. The adequate living costs for old age was 2.07 million won for couple and 1.34 million won for single. Second, there were 757 households with total education expenditure. Of these, 208 incurred annual expenditure on public education, and the annual expenditure for public education was 7.28 million won. There were 170 households with annual expenditure for private education, and the annual expenditure for private education was 2.50 million won. 243 households of middle-aged households had annual expenditure for human capital investment, including both public and private education, with annual expenditure for human capital investment for children of 7.82 million won. Furthermore, in the human capital investment factor, there was a difference in the middle-aged households' financial preparation for retirement according to their annual expenditure for human capital investment including both public and private education. In addition, there was a difference in financial preparation for retirement based on their public education expenditure. Third, in the logistic regression model 1, which included human capital investment, the significant variables affecting the preparation for retirement of the middle-aged households were as follows : annual household income, total amount of annual household income, experience of inadequate living costs, existence of financial assets, total amount of annual household savings, financial independence, adequate living costs (for single) for old age, and human capital investment. In the logistic regression model 2, which included annual expenditure for public education and annual expenditure for private education, the significant variables affecting the preparation for retirement of the middle-aged households were as follows : annual household income, total amount of annual household income, experience of inadequate living costs, existence of financial assets, total amount of annual household savings, financial independence, adequate living costs (for single) for old age, and annual expenditure for public education.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.101-115
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to increase the utilization of traditional snacks in the Daejeon, Chungnam and Sejong regions by investigating the awareness of traditional snacks by parents and teachers of Children's foodservice facilities. The survey method was a self-monitored survey, and 576 people (298 parents, 278 teachers) were used for statistical analyses. 66.4% of parents believed that the snacks provided at facilities are nutritious, and that traditional snacks are rich in nutrition but difficult to cook (66.1%). Further, 77% of parents preferred traditional snacks, and 92% thought that traditional snacks should be passed on to future generations and continuously developed. Increasing the number of stores selling traditional snacks (41%) and a generalized awareness of traditional snacks (34%) are needed to expand the use consumption of traditional snacks. For teachers of Children's foodservice facilities, 92.8% said that the number of snacks provided per day was twice, and snacks were made and served more than twice a week (77.7%). The reasons for not making these traditional snacksit more often were the long cooking time (47.1%) and lack of labor (20.5%). There were no differences in the perceptions of traditional snacks among the types of children's foodservice facilities, but the private and public facilities showed a higher usage demand than the family type foodservice facilities for of traditional snack-focused food education programs. In order to increase the utilization of traditional snacks, it is necessary to create programs according to the facility types and to develop traditional snacks to meet the needs of consumers. The results of this study are expected to be used as basic data for the development of instructions and programs for increasing the consumption of traditional snacks at children's foodservice facilities.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.19-31
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• 2013

As a result of analysis on situations of environment-friendly school meals, it was obtained that student's parents were interested in food safety and the importance of sanitary supervision. Many parents responded that environment-friendly school meals increased the health and eating habits of their children. The higher and higher educated parents responded that environment-friendly school meals effected on the children's health positively. Also, the higher educated parents responded that environment-friendly school meals effected on the children's eating habits positively. After the environment-friendly school meals, the item increase to purchase was vegetables by 25% of the consumers who purchase environment-friendly agri-products. The second and third increasing items were respectively fruits and rice. When environment-friendly agri-products were consumpted and influenced positively through school meals, the consumption of environment-friendly agricultural products will be increased. The expansion of environment-friendly school lunch program cannot bring the consumption expansion of environment-friendly agri-products immediately. However, when the persistent promotion and student's parents confidence on environment-friendly agri-products were accumulated and experienced positive effects through school meals, it will give a positive effect on the consumption of environment-friendly agr-products.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.52-70
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• 2009

Department store has actively expanded cultural center services by providing a series of educational courses in order to increase customer visits, enhance customer satisfaction, and ultimately increase sales. In this study, cultural center members' shopping behaviors and image building of the department store were explored through focus group interviews. Results generated from a total of 7 focus group interviews with female cultural center members in their 30's through 60's are as follows. First, the consumer group who attends courses for their own purpose is 45 to 55 year-old female customers who are actively involved in consumption at the department store for their own clothing, food and restaurant. They are not often engaged in impulsive either group shopping for clothing. They are satisfied with class quality compared to low tuition whereas dissatisfied with busy schedule of a lecture room and lack of special discount benefits for members. Second, the other consumer group who attends courses for their children is consumers in their 30's. They are charged in shopping for clothing for their husbands, children, and themselves. They are suffering time poverty due to nurturing their children, therefore, they want to shop more in the department store on the day of class. However, expensive kids-care facilities are barriers to do it. Convenience, familiarity and center of culture are important images of the department store, developed through frequent visits of these customers. Eight implications for marketing strategies were generated based on study results.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.40-48
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• 2024

This study judged that although milk with various properties is currently being released, the growth rate of the milk market has not changed significantly, and the reason for this is that a substitution relationship has been formed between existing white milk and milk with various properties and they are competing with each other. The purpose of this study was to provide implications for the future growth of the milk market by identifying the relationship between diversified milk attributes. As a research method for this purpose the own price elasticity, cross-price elasticity, and expenditure elasticity of each attribute were derived through the LA/AIDS demand system model, and an analysis of consumers' milk purchasing factors was conducted through factor analysis. Based on the analysis results, it presented implications for growth in the milk market, such as expanding products with great differentiation in attributes such as flavor, plant and lactose-free properties, establishment of marketing strategies targeting consumers with children, and expansion of online malls.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.1-18
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• 2023

The online shopping industry in China has experienced rapid growth, particularly in the infant goods sector, which is considered highly promising in terms of its growth potential. This growth can be attributed to the Chinese market's increasing economic power, the implementation of new policies concerning marriage and childbirth, changes in family structure, and evolving and diverse consumer demands for infant products. While the infant clothing industry has emerged as a significant player in the Chinese market, there is still a lack of sufficient academic research on the online shopping environment specific to China's infant clothing industry. The objective of this study was to explore the influence of online experiential marketing on brand loyalty and purchase intention among Chinese consumers of children's wear. The study findings indicated that the emotional experience, action experience, and relationship experience encountered by consumers during online interactions had a positive and significant impact on brand loyalty. Both perceptual experience and cognitive experience had a positive and significant influence on consumers' willingness to make a purchase. The study also revealed that brand loyalty had a positive and significant effect on consumers' purchase intention. The perception of online experiential marketing, brand loyalty, and purchase intention varied based on individual attributes, and gender was found to moderate the relationship between online experiential marketing and brand loyalty.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.307-322
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• 2015

This study develops textile designs and cultural fashion products with the image of 'Youngguchunhwa', which means the beautiful spring flowers of Jeju. Historical literature was reviewed to emphasize the authenticity of Halla Mountain and Youngguchunhwa. Consumers' responses to Halla Mountain, Baengnokdam, and Royal Azalea related to Youngguchunhwa were evaluated along with photos of Halla Mountain and Youngguchunhwa images upload on Internet during the last 2 years. The results of consumer survey and photo analysis confirmed the consumers' high preference and high association with the image of Jeju. The full-blown Royal Azaleas in the Seonjakjiwat field of Halla Mountain were used as motifs for the development of Jeju cultural products as a representative landscape showing the beautiful spring of Jeju. Six types of textile designs were developed by the repeated arrangement of the basic patterns of Halla Mountain, Baengnokdam, and Royal Azalea. Ladies' apparels products, children's wear, bags and cushions were made using oxford cotton fabrics printed with the textile designs. We suggest how pattern designs of the Youngguchunhwa image could be applicable and used for the development of other kinds of Jeju tourism souvenirs.