• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.727-739
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the evaluation of nutrition and exercise education program on weight control for obese children. The subjects of this study were 28 obese children and their parents living in Geyongnam area. The weight control program consisted of exercises for children and nutrition education for both children and their parents. The BMI values of the children were significantly reduced from $27.96\;kg/m^2$ to $27.22\;kg/m^2$ after 11 weeks (p < 0.001) and to $27.65\;kg/m^2$ after one year. Dietary habits and exercise patterns were also changed positively. For the children, while the frequency of eating breakfast and appropriate chewing habits were increased, the percentages of eating in inappropriate position and the frequency of buying snacks were decreased (p < 0.001). In terms of exercise, the proportion of doing exercise more than 30 minutes, participating in physical activity classes actively, and walking rather than taking a car were significantly increased. Nutrition knowledge of both the student and parent respondents were significantly increased when measured immediately after the education and even a year after compared to their knowledge status measured before the program (p < 0.001). Both the students (82.1%) and parents (96.4%) were satisfied with the overall weight control program. Exercise therapy was chosen as the most beneficial content. Reparticipation intention was comparable between the students (28.6%) and their parents (67.9%). A year after survey results revealed that 71.4% of students controlled their weight by doing regular exercises (55.0%) and controlling overeating (45%). Parents often applied healthy cooking methods (89.3%) and low calorie menus (64.3%), which they learned from nutrition education. Most parents perceived that the weight control program was helpful for their children (89.3%) and themselves (92.9%) as well.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.1066-1072
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• 2010

본 연구의 목적은 유산소 운동이 비만과 제1형 당뇨병 어린이들에게 adipokines과 염증반응에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 실시되었다. 피험자들은 비만군(OG, n=9), 제1형 당뇨병군(DG, n=9), 그리고 정상군(NG, n=9) 어린이로 연구하였다. 모든 인자는 체중, 체지방률, 체질량지수(BMI), 최대산소섭취량(ml/kg/min), 지질 인자와 adipokines를 분석하였다. 그 결과 체중, 체지방률, BMI, 최대산소섭취량에서 OG에 비해 DG와 NG는 유의한 차이가 나타났다(p<0.05). LDL-C와 HDL-C 역시 OG에 비해 DG와 NG에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다(p<0.05). 게다가 adiponectin과 retinol binding protein (RBP)-4는 12주 운동 후에 DG와 NG에서 유의한 변화가 나타났으며 (p<0.05), OG에 비해 DG와 NG에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다(p<0.05). Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1에서 모든 그룹은 12주 운동후 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.05). 결론적으로 규칙적인 운동은 비만과 제1형 당뇨병 어린이에게 신체조성의 변화는 가져오지 못했으나 제1형 당뇨병 어린이의 혈관 염증을 줄여줄 수 있으며, 비만어린이에서는 대사 증후군을 보호할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.476-486
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of eating habits and control of overeating of obese children on the body weight control program. The program included nutritional education, psychotherapy and physical exercise on weekly session for 9 months. The results of this study were as follows. Participants of the study involved 30 obese children attending elementary school. The average age of the children was 11.78 years, mean height and weight were 146.22cm and 50.61kg. The average BMI and body fat contents were 24.06 and 30.49% respectively and WHR of the children was 0.87. There was a significant difference between boys and girls' BMI(25.18, 23.31, p<0.01). As a result of the eating habits test, 50% of the subjects showed low level of regularity of diet, and 76.7% of the subjects showed high level of balanced diet score. Large portion(83.3%) of the subjects had high level of healthy behavior score. WHR of girls significantly decreased from 0.86 to 0.82(p<0.01) after the body weight control program. There were no significant differences in serum components of the obese children after the program. When regarding the score of eating habits in relation to obesity indices, the WHR significantly decreased(p<0.05) in a group of children with high eating habits score. Also in the group of overeating controls, significantly decreased WHR(p<0.05). In the results of correlation analysis, body weight was positively correlated with BMI(r=0.624), the level of total cholesterol(r=0.5109) and HDL cholesterol(r=0.5088). The score of healthy behavior was positively correlated with height(r=0.5286) and negatively correlated with the level of LDL cholesterol(r=0.3555) and WHR(r=0.4028) These results suggest that the body weight control program must be considerate of the different groups of children with different scores in the eating habits and overeating controls test.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.194-210
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• 2022

Human milk contains a number of nutritional and bioactive molecules including microorganisms that constitute the so-called "Human Milk Microbiota (HMM)". Recent studies have shown that not only bacterial but also viral, fungal, and archaeal components are present in the HMM. Previous research has established, a "core" microbiome, consisting of Firmicutes (i.e., Streptococcus, Staphylococcus), Proteobacteria (i.e., Serratia, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Sphingomonas, Bradyrhizobium), and Actinobacteria (i.e., Propionibacterium, Corynebacterium). This review aims to summarize the main characteristics of HMM and the role it plays in shaping a child's health. We reviewed the most recent literature on the topic (2019-2021), using the PubMed database. The main sources of HMM origin were identified as the retrograde flow and the entero-mammary pathway. Several factors can influence its composition, such as maternal body mass index and diet, use of antibiotics, time and type of delivery, and mode of breastfeeding. The COVID-19 pandemic, by altering the mother-infant dyad and modifying many of our previous habits, has emerged as a new risk factor for the modification of HMM. HMM is an important contributor to gastrointestinal colonization in children and therefore, it is fundamental to avoid any form of perturbation in the HMM that can alter the microbial equilibrium, especially in the first 100 days of life. Microbial dysbiosis can be a trigger point for the development of necrotizing enterocolitis, especially in preterm infants, and for onset of chronic diseases, such as asthma and obesity, later in life.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.331-342
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• 2019

Objectives: This study examines the intake of food and nutrients of children according to the employment and working hours of their mothers. Methods: The married women in the source data from the 6th National Health and Nutrition Survey were classified into full-time working mothers, part-time working mothers and housewives according to the working type and the data on their children from 3 to 18 years old were analyzed using SAS 9.4. Results: The group from 3 to 5 years old was the smallest group with 682 children (20.2%), followed by the group from 6 to 11 years with 1,345 children (39.8%) and the group from 12 to 18 years old with 1,355 children (40.1%). The lowest rates for having no breakfast and dinner were observed in the group with housewives (p<0.05). The calcium and phosphorous intakes were the highest in the group with housewives at 61.9% and 126.8%, respectively, and the lowest in the group with full-time working mothers at 54.7% and 115.3%, respectively (p<0.05). The group with full-time working mothers had the highest rate in the calcium and iron intake less than the dietary reference intake at 74.9% and 30.0%, respectively. It indicated that the group with full-time working mothers did not have sufficient nutrients as compared to the other two groups. Moreover, the group with the part-time working mothers showed the high vitamin A intake ratio of 41.4% (p<0.05). Conclusions: This study found evidence of a negative association between mother's employment status and children's diet quality. The employment and economic activity of married women will continuously increase in the future. Therefore, a national nutrition policy is required to provide quality nutrition care for children in the households.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.265-274
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• 2013

본 연구의 목적은 아동 청소년의 비만실태에 따른 식생활습관의 관련 요인을 알아보고자 하였다. 본 연구는 보건복지가족부에서 시행한 용역연구과제중 '2009 한국 아동 청소년 온라인게임 및 가족여가활동실태조사' 연구결과 데이터를 활용하였다. 연구활용 대상자는 초등학생 2,778명, 중학생 3,385명, 고등학생 3,299명 총 9,462명을 대상으로 하였다. 연구대상자의 BMI에 따라 그룹화 하였다. 저녁식사 후 간식 섭취는 18.5>BMI 그룹은 그렇지 않다고 38.8%, 18.5${\leq}$BMI<23.0 그룹은 그렇지 않다고 41.1%, 23.5${\leq}$BMI<25.0 그룹은 그렇지 않다고 40.1%, $25{\leq}BMI$ 그룹은 그렇지 않다고 37.4%로 가장 높은 응답을 하였다(p=0.001). 매일 규칙적인 운동을 하는지 조사한 결과 BMI 지수가 높은 그룹 일수록 운동을 하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 체육시간 등과 같은 시간에 적극성을 조사한 결과 BMI 지수가 낮은 그룹 일수록 적극적으로 운동하는 것으로 나타났다. 주위사람과의 식사 속도 역시 BMI 지수가 높은 그룹일수록 식사속도가 빠른 것으로 나타났다. 아동 청소년 시기에 올바른 교육을 실천할 수 있도록 해 준다면 보다 건강하고 윤택한 삶을 영유할 수 있을 것이다. 아동 청소년기의 올바른 인식과 생활습관을 갖추도록 해주어 보다 건강하고 행복한 삶을 살도록 해 주어야 할 것이다. 이를 위해서는 아동 청소년은 물론 부모를 대상으로 교육할 필요성이 있다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.481-487
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• 2005

목 적 : 식생활과 생활양식의 서구화로 인하여 우리나라도 비만의 유병률이 급격히 증가하는 추세이며 특히 소아비만은 이미 소아기에 합병증 발생의 위험과 더불어 성인비만으로 이행될 가능성이 크기에 이에 대한 관심이 날로 높아지고 있는 추세이다. 아디포넥틴은 최근 발견된 지방세포에서 분비되는 adipocytokine으로 비만에서 아디포넥틴의 감소가 인슐린저항성과 동맥경화증의 발병과 관련이 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 비만아와 정상 체중아의 혈중 아디포넥틴 농도의 차이와 체질량지 수(BMI) 및 인슐린저항성과의 상관관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2003년 1월부터 2003년 6월까지 BMI가 95 백분위 이상인 8-15세 사이의 비만아 82명(남아 54명, 여아 28명)과 대조군으로 정상 체중아 31명(남아 21, 여아10), 총 113명을 대상으로 신체계측을 하고 공복 후 채혈하여 혈중 아디포넥틴, 인슐린, 혈당 농도를 측정하였다. 혈중 아디포넥틴 농도를 비만여부와 사춘기 시기별로 비교하였으며 아디포넥틴과 체질량지수, 인슐린, HOMA 등과의 상관관계를 알아보았다. 결 과 : 1) 비만아의 평균 혈중 아디포넥틴 농도는 19.7 mg/mL, 정상 체중아는 27.6 mg/mL로 비만군이 유의하게 낮았으며(P<0.01), 전체 대상아 중 남아와 여아의 성별에 따른 차이는 없었다. 2) 사춘기 전보다 사춘기 시기의 소아에서 아디포넥틴의 농도가 의미있게 낮았다(P<0.01). 3) 비만아 중 27명을 대상으로 시행한 경구 당부하 검사에서 공복시에 비해 식후 2시간 후 인슐린 농도는 유의하게 높았으며($17.0{\mu}IU/mL$ vs $35.8{\mu}IU/mL$, P<0.01), 아디포넥틴 농도는 반대로 유의하게 낮았다(25.8 mg/mL vs 19.8 mg/mL, P<0.01). 4) 혈중 아디포넥틴과 BMI(r=-0.39, P<0.01), 인슐린(r=-0.28, P<0.01)은 각각 음의 상관관계를 보였으며, 혈중 지질치중 저밀도 지질단백(LDL) 콜레스테롤(r=-0.20, P<0.05)과도 음의 상관관계를 보였으나 총 콜레스테롤과 고밀도 지질단백(HDL) 콜레스테롤과, 중성지방과는 유의한 상관관계가 없었다. 결 론 : 혈중 아디포넥틴 농도는 비만아에서 정상 체중아보다 유의하게 낮았으며, 아디포넥틴은 BMI 및 혈중 인슐린과 음의 상관관계가 있었다. 혈중 아디포넥틴이 소아 비만아에서 인슐린 저항성의 예측인자로 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.133-139
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• 2005

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine serum antioxidant nutrients and the relationship between serum antioxidants and risks of chronic diseases in obese Korean children Methods: Normal weight Korean school children (0=170), mean age of 11.5$\pm$1.5, and obese (body fat mass > $28\%$) children (0=176), mean age of 11.0$\pm$1.8, were recruited Fat mass ($\%$) was determnined by Bioelectrical Impedance (BEI), and body mass index (BMI) was calculated Fasting blood was collected to measure serum antioxidant nutrients, vitamin A, vitamin E and zinc. Serum lipid profiles including total cholesterol (TC), high density cholesterol (HDL) and triglyceride (TG), and blood glucose, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPI) were also determined. Differences in serum blood measurements between obese and normal children were assessed by independent t test. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between variables. Results: Blood glucose, GPT, total cholesterol, and triglycerides concentrations were significantly higher among obese boys, compared to normal boys (p<005). Significantly lower concentrations of serum vitamin E, after adjustment for TG and TC, was shown in obese boys (0.26 mg/mg) and obese girls (0.31 mg/mg), compared to normal boys (0.36 mg/mg) and girls (0.38 mg/mg) (p<0.05). Fat mass ($\%$) was negatively con-elated with serum vitamin A and vitamin E. Conclusion: Obese Korean children showed insufficient serum vitamin E concentration and increased risk for diabetes, atherosclerosis, and liver disease. Since lower vitamin E concentration was negatively con-elated with atherogenic index, improved vitamin E status in children may decrease the risk of atherosclerosis later in life.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.453-463
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• 2004

In order to investigate food purchase frequency of elementary school children and its related ecological factors, 431 4th, 5th and 6th grade elementary school children and their mothers, living in Seoul and Daejon, small city and rural area of Chungnam Province, were participated in this study. The subjects and their parents were surveyed by a self-recording questionnaire about food purchase frequency and some ecological factors. Average height and weight of the subjects by gender and grade were similar to or a little bit more than the 1998 Korean Growth Standard. According to relative body weight, 30.6% and 10.8% of the subjects belonged to under-weight and obesity categories, respectively. Of the subjects, 46.9% used PC telecommunication or internet, 53.8% of them used it for less than an hour per day, and 46.4% watched TV for 2 to 4 hours a day. About 42% of the subjects spent 500 Won or less daily to buy snacks. A half of the subjects took snacks once a day because of hunger. Mothers' nutrition knowledge score was averagely 8.16 out of 13 full score and the average attitude score was 43.22 out of 50 full score. Foods purchased more than once a week were milk and yoghurt, cookies, ice-cream, ramyun, and gum in order. Family income, parents' education level, mothers' nutrition knowledge and food attitude score, students' snacking frequency and TV watching time showed significant correlations with purchase frequencies of some individual food items. In conclusion, the elementary school children considered taste most important rather than nutrition in buying snacks and most frequently bought carbohydrate foods and concentrated sugars except milk. Ecological factors such as mothers' nutritional knowledge and food attitude, TV watching time and snacking frequency had influenced the children's food purchase frequency. Accordingly, it is necessary to educate both children and their mothers about good food purchase and the importance of snacking.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.169-177
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Excessive sugar intake is one of the causes associated with obesity and several chronic diseases prevalent in the modern society. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of parenting variables based on the theory of planned behavior, on the sweetness preferences and sweets intake of children. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Parents and their children (n = 103, aged 5-7 years) were enrolled to participate in a survey for this study, after providing the required informed consent. Parents were asked to fill out a self-administered questionnaire at their residence. The sweetness preference test for children was conducted at a kindergarten (or daycare center) by applying the one-on-one interview method. RESULTS: The children were divided into two clusters categorized by the K-mean cluster analysis: Cluster 1 had higher sweetness preference (0.42 M sugar, 35%; 0.61 M sugar, 65%); Cluster 2 exhibited lower sweetness preference (0.14 M sugar, 9.5%; 0.20 M sugar, 9.5%; 0.29 M sugar, 81%). Cluster 1 had a higher frequency of sweets intake (P < 0.01), and lower sweets restriction (P < 0.05) and nutrition quotient score (P < 0.05). Sweets intake was negatively correlated with the nutritional quotient (r = -0.204, P < 0.05). The behavioral intention of parents was higher in cluster 2 (P < 0.05), while affective attitude, feeding practice, and reward were higher in cluster 1 (P < 0.001, P < 0.05, and P < 0.01, respectively). Furthermore, behavioral intention of parents showed a negative correlation with affective attitude (r = -0.282, P < 0.01) and feeding practice (r = -0.380, P < 0.01), and a positive correlation with subjective norm (r = 0.203, P < 0.05) and parenting attitude (r = 0.433, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that the sweetness preferences and sweets intake of children is related to the parent's affective attitude, feeding practice and reward. We suggest that to reduce the sugar consumption of children, guidelines for access to sweets and pertinent parenting practices are required.