Nutritional Sciences

The Korean Nutrition Society (한국영양학회)
권호 표지

Antioxidant Status and the Extent of Health Risks in Obese Korean Children

  • Lee WonMyo (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University) ;
  • Kim EulSang (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University) ;
  • Ha Aewha (Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center) ;
  • Ximena Urrutia-Rojas (Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center)
  • Published : 2005.05.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine serum antioxidant nutrients and the relationship between serum antioxidants and risks of chronic diseases in obese Korean children Methods: Normal weight Korean school children (0=170), mean age of 11.5$\pm$1.5, and obese (body fat mass > $28\%$) children (0=176), mean age of 11.0$\pm$1.8, were recruited Fat mass ($\%$) was determnined by Bioelectrical Impedance (BEI), and body mass index (BMI) was calculated Fasting blood was collected to measure serum antioxidant nutrients, vitamin A, vitamin E and zinc. Serum lipid profiles including total cholesterol (TC), high density cholesterol (HDL) and triglyceride (TG), and blood glucose, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPI) were also determined. Differences in serum blood measurements between obese and normal children were assessed by independent t test. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between variables. Results: Blood glucose, GPT, total cholesterol, and triglycerides concentrations were significantly higher among obese boys, compared to normal boys (p<005). Significantly lower concentrations of serum vitamin E, after adjustment for TG and TC, was shown in obese boys (0.26 mg/mg) and obese girls (0.31 mg/mg), compared to normal boys (0.36 mg/mg) and girls (0.38 mg/mg) (p<0.05). Fat mass ($\%$) was negatively con-elated with serum vitamin A and vitamin E. Conclusion: Obese Korean children showed insufficient serum vitamin E concentration and increased risk for diabetes, atherosclerosis, and liver disease. Since lower vitamin E concentration was negatively con-elated with atherogenic index, improved vitamin E status in children may decrease the risk of atherosclerosis later in life.

Keywords

References

  1. Korea Ministry Health and Welfare. '98 National Health and Nutrition Survey, Nutrition Survey Report, 1999
  2. Bray GA, Bouchard C, James WPT. Handbook of Obesity. 2nd ed. Marcel Dekker Inc. USA, 2004
  3. Epstein LH, Wing RR, Valoski A. Childhood obesity. Pediatr Clin N Am 32:363-379, 1985 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-3955(16)34792-7
  4. Tell GS, Tuomilehto J, Epstein FH, Strasser T. Studies of atherosclerosis determinants and precursors during childhood and adolescence. Bull Wld Hlth Org 64:595-560, 1986
  5. Martin MM, Martin AL. Obesity, hyperinsulinism and diabetes mellitus in childhood. J Pediatr 82:192-201, 1973 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(73)80154-4
  6. McGill HC Jr., McMahan CA. Determinants of atherosclerosis in the young: Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) Research Group. Am J Cardiol 82(10):30-36, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(98)00720-6
  7. Berensen GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Newman WP, Tracy RE, Wattigney WA. Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. N Engl J Med 338:1650-1656, 1988 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199806043382302
  8. Baldridge AD, Perez-Atayde AR, Graeme-Cook F, Higgins L, Lavine JE. Idiopathic steatohepatitis in childhood: A multicenter retrospective study. J Peadir 127:700-704, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(95)70156-7
  9. Strauss RS, Barlow SE, Dietz W. Prevalence of abnormal serum aminotransferase values in overweight and obese adolescents. J Peadiar 136:727-733, 2000
  10. Buiatti E, Munoz N, Kato I, Vivas J, Muggli R, Plummer M, Benz M, Franceschi SW. The determinants of plasma antioxidant vitamin levels in a population at high risk for stomach cancer. Int J Cancer 65:317-322, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19960126)65:3<317::AID-IJC7>3.0.CO;2-2
  11. Vincent HK, Powers SK, Stewart DJ, Shanely RA, Demirel H, Naito H. Obesity is associated with increased myocardial oxidative stress. J Int Assoc Obesity 23:67-74, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0800761
  12. Mettlin C. Epidemiologic studies of vitamin A and cancer. Adv Nutr Res 6:47-50, 1984
  13. Gey KF, Brubacher GB, Stahelin HB. Plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins in relation to ischemic heart disease and cancer. AM J Clin Nutr 45:1368-1377, 1987 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/45.5.1368
  14. Gey KF, Puska P, Jordan P, Moser UK. Inverse correlation between plasma vitamin E and mortality from ischemic heart disease in cross-cultural epidemiology. Am J Clin Nutr 53:326-334s, 1989
  15. Vachlin LJ. Critical assessment of the epidemiological data concerning the impact of antioxidant nutrients on cancer and cardiovascular disease. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 35:41-50, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1080/10408399509527684
  16. Frei B, Stocker R, Ames BN. Antioxidants defenses and lipid peroxidation in human blood plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:9748-1752, 1988
  17. Kuno T, Hozumi M, Morinobu T. Antioxidants vitamin levels in plasma and low density lipoprotein of obese girls. Free Rad Res 28:81-86, 1988 https://doi.org/10.3109/10715769809097878
  18. Decsi T, Moinar D, Koletzko B. Reduced plasma concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene in obese boys. J Pediat 130:653-655, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(97)70253-1
  19. Strauss RS. Comparison serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene in a cross sectional sample of obese and nonobese children. J Pediat 134:160-165, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(99)70409-9
  20. Decsi T, Molnar D, Koletzko B. Lipid corrected plasma alpha-tocopherol values are inversely related to fasting insulinaemia in obese children. Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 20(10):970-972, 1996
  21. Bray TM, Betlger W. The physiological role of zinc as an antioxidant. Free Rad Biol Med 8:281-291, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(90)90076-U
  22. Di martino G. Matera MG, De Martino B, Vacca C, Martino S, Rossi F. Relationship between Zinc and obesity. J Med 24:177-183, 1993
  23. Ozata M, Mergen M, Oktenli C, Aydin A, Sanisoglu SY, Bolu E, Yilmaz MI, Sayal A, Isimer A, Ozdemir IC. Increased oxidative stress and hypozincemia in male obesity. Clinical Biochemistry 35(8):627-31, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-9120(02)00363-6
  24. Chen MD, Lin PY, Sheu WH. Zinc status in plasma of obese individuals during glucose administration. Biol Tr Ele Res 60:123-9, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02783315
  25. Chen MD, Song YM, Lin PY. Zinc may be a mediator of leptin production in humans. Life Sci 66(22):2143-9, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00541-5
  26. Chen MD, Lin PY. Zinc-induced hyperleptinemia relates to the amelioration of sucrose-induced obesity with zinc repletion. Obesity Res 8(7):525-9, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2000.65
  27. Chen MD, Liou SJ, Lin PY, Yang VC, Alexander PS, Lin WH. Effects of zinc supplementation on the plasma glucose level and insulin activity in genetically obese (ob/ob) mice. Biol Tr Ele Res 61(3):303-11, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02789090
  28. Yakinci C, Pac A, Kucukbay FZ, Tayfun M, Gul A. Serum zinc, copper, and magnesium levels in obese children. Acta Paedia Jap 39(3):339-41, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200X.1997.tb03748.x
  29. Marreiro Ddo N, Fisberg M, Cozzolino SM. Zinc nutritional status in obese children and adolescents. Biol Tr Ele Res 86(2):107-22, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1385/BTER:86:2:107
  30. Di Toro A, Marotta A, Todisco N, Ponticiello E, Collini R, Di Lascio R, Perrone L. Unchanged iron and copper and increased zinc in the blood of obese children after two hypocaloric diets. Biol Tr Ele Res 57(2):97-104, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02778192
  31. Body fat recommendation. Futrex Inc., 1989
  32. Lavine JE. Vitamin E treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in children: a pilot study. J Pediar 136(6):734-738, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(00)05040-X
  33. Ahn HS, Park JK, Lee DH, Lee JH, Lee YJ. Clinical and nutritional examination in obese children. Korean J Nutr 29:79-89, 1994
  34. Klotzsch SG, McNamara JR. Triglyceride measurements: A review of methods and interferences. Cin Chem 36:1605-1613, 1990
  35. Friedwald WT, Levy RI, Fredricson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low density cholesterol without use of the preoperative ultra centrifuge. Clin Chem 18:499-502, 1972
  36. Quaife ML, Dju MY. Chemical estimation of vitamin E in tissue and tocopherol content of some normal human tissues. H Biol Chem 180:211-220, 1989
  37. Rosado JL, Lopez P, Munoz E, Matinez H, Allen LH. Zinc supplementation reduces morbidity, but neither zinc nor iron supplementation affects growth of body composition of Mexican preschoolers. Am J Clin Nutr 65:12-29, 1997
  38. Esterbauer H, Dieber-Rotheneder M, Striegl G, Waeg G. Role of vitamin E in preventing the oxidation for low-density lipoprotein. Am J Clin Nutr 53:314S-321S, 1991 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/53.1.314S
  39. Moor de Burgos A, Wartanowicz M, Ziemlanski S. Blood vitamin and lipid levels in overweight and obese women. Eur J Clin Nutr 46(11):803-8, 1992
  40. H'orwitt MK, Jarvey CC, Dahm CH, Scarcy MT. Relationship between tocopherol and serum lipid levels for determination of nutritional adequacy. Ann NY Acad Sci 203:223-236, 1976 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1972.tb27878.x
  41. Dandona P, Mohanty P, Ghanim H, Aljada A, Browne R, Hamouda W, Prabhala A, Afzal A, Garg R. The suppressive effect of dietary restriction and weight loss in the obese on the generation of reactive oxygen species by leukocytes, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonylation. J Clin Endo Metab 86(1):355-62, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.86.1.355
  42. Vincent HK, Powers SK, Stewart DJ, Shanely RA, Demirel H, Naito H. Obesity is associated with increased myocardial oxidative stress. Intl J Obesity 23(1):67-74, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0800761
  43. Okita M, Hayashi M, Sasagawa T, Takagi K, Suzuki K, Kinoyama S, Ito T, Yamada G. Effect of a moderately energy-restricted diet on obese patients with fatty liver. Nutrition 17(7-8):542-7, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00543-3
  44. Mezzetti A, Lapenna D, Pierdomenico SD, Calafiore AM, Costantini F, Riario-Sforza G, Imbastaro T, Neri M, Cuccurullo M. The vitamin E, C and lipid peroxidation in plasma and arterial tissue of smokers and non-smokers. Atherosclerosis 112:91-99, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9150(94)05403-6
  45. Neuhouser ML, Rock CL, Eldridge AL, Kristal AR, Patterson RE, Cooper DA, Neumark-Sztainer D, Cheskin LJ, Thornquist MD. Serum concentrations of retinol, alpha-tocopherol and the carotenoids are influenced by diet, race and obesity in a sample of healthy adolescents. J Nutr 131(8):2184-91, 2001
  46. Morinobu T, Murata T, Takaya R, Tamai H. Nutritional status of beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol and retinol in obese children. International J Vit Nutr Res 72(3):119-23, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.72.3.119
  47. HR Jeong, HY Na. The effect of school lunch program on the blood composition of the school children. Korean J Nutr 26:189-195, 1993