• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.113-131
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• 1995

The objectives of this study were to investigate (1) the relations between infant-mother attachment and maternal sensitivity, maltreatment, stress, and childhood experience, and (2) relations between infant-mother attachment and infant temperament. The subjects of the study were 55 14 to 20 month-old infants (27 boys and 28 girls) and their mothers in Seoul. In order to assess the patterns of infant-mother attachment, each infant-mother dyad was videotaped in the modified Ainsworth's Strange Situation. Each dyad was filmed for 3 minutes in the Questionnaire Situation of Smith and Pederson(Smith, & Pederson, 1988) to assess maternal sensitivity responding to infant's cues. Each mother also was interviewed by using a semi-structured questionnaire made by author to measure maternal maltreatment. Each mother was asked to complete three Likert-type questionnaires, containing Parenting Stress Index (PSI) (Abidin, 1990) to measure the maternal stress, Mother-Father Peer Scale (MFPS) (Epstein, 1983) to measure childhood experience, and Emotionality, Activity, Sociality (EAS) (Buss, & Plomin, 1984) to measure infant's temperament. The statistical procedures used for data analyses were correlation, one-way ANOVA, multiple regression, and Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficient. The results showed that (1) mothers of insecure-avoidant infants maltreated their infants more than mothers of secure infants, and (2) in the multiple regression analysis, maternal maltreatment was predicted by maternal education, maternal stress (parent domain), and maternal childhood experience in relation to her own mother (acceptance vs. rejection).

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.338-347
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• 2020

Purpose: The Life Transition Scale (LTS) consists of 24 items that assess the life transition process of parents of autistic children. This study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the LTS in parents of children with a wide spectrum of disabilities. Methods: Data were collected from 260 parents of children with disabilities through self-report questionnaires. Validity was examined using exploratory and confirmative factor analysis to determine the factor structures of the LTS; socio-demographic differences in LTS scores were examined using the t-test or ANOVA. Reliability was examined using Cronbach's α coefficient. Results: A four-factor structure was validated (χ²=640.0, p<.001, GFI=.81, RMSEA=.07, NNFI=.89, CFI=.89, PNFI=.74, Q [χ²/df]=2.60). The validity of the LTS was verified by exploratory factor analysis, with factor loading ranging from .30 to .80. There were significant differences in the accepting phase according to children's and parents' age and the type of disability, and in the wandering phase according to parental gender, educational level, job, and socioeconomic status. The Cronbach's αs for the reliability of each of the four structures were acceptable, within a range of .80~.90. Conclusion: The LTS is a valid and reliable measurement to assess the life transition process of parents with disabled children.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.167-173
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was conducted to compare the postural habits, body image, and peer attachment of adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis and healthy adolescents, and to examine the correlation between body image and peer attachment in each group. Methods: Eighty-three adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis and 83 healthy adolescents were recruited from 4 middle schools located in W city. Data were collected from November 22 to December 6 2010 using a structured questionnaire including items about postural habits, body image, and peer attachment. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, $X^2$-test, independent t-test and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Results: Compared to healthy adolescents, adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis were more likely to use one hand, to lean back while seated, and to put weight on one leg while standing. The score for body image was significantly lower for adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis compared to healthy adolescents, but peer attachment was not significantly different between the two groups. Body image was significantly correlated with peer attachment only for the adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. Conclusion: Interventions to promote balanced postural habits in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis are needed. Information on body image and peer attachment for these adolescents should also be considered when developing interventions.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.111-120
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• 2004

Purpose: This study was done to test the validity and reliability of the MMDQ for middle school students. Method: A convenience sample of 318 middle school students were asked to complete the MMDQ which consisted of 37 items and data were collected from May to June, 2004. Result: 1. Six factors for MMDQ (except insomnia, finally 36 items) were extracted through the principal component analysis with varimax rotation, and these contributed 56.7% of the variance in the total score. All 36 items in the scale loaded above .37 on one of 6 factors. 2. Factor 1 has 7 items, factor 2 has 9 items, factor 3 has 8 items, factor 4 has 5 items, factor 5 has 4 items, and factor 6 has 3 items. 3. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for internal consistency of MMDQ was .946 for the total 37 items and .88, .86, .88, .81, .70, .61 for the six factors in that order. Conclusion: MMDQ was identified its adequacy as PMS measurement tool for middle aged students in Korea. In further study, these factors would be confirmed across different samples and across different methods of data collection.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.335-346
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate how much adolescents use the internet and how much they are addicted to the internet, and to examine the relative effect of the personal and family related variables on the internet addiction. Data was collected through a questionnaire survey given to 420 students of middle school in Kwangju province. The data were analyzed by frequency, percentage, stepwise multi-regression analysis, Cronbach's $\alpha$, and Pearson's correlations coefficient. The major findings obtained from this study were as follows: 1. The proportion of internet addiction of adolescents was 9.1%. 2. Parent's control, positive family emotion and self-efficacy were proved to be the most significant variables. The internet addiction increased as the score of parent's control got higher, and the scores of the positive family emotion and the self-efficacy lower. 3. Because the positive family emotion was found to be a very important factor in determining internet addiction, this research proposes that the further family life education program should be developed to facilitate the normal family functioning in relations with preventing internet addiction.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.18-28
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• 2014

Purpose: The Purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between resourcefulness and the health promoting behavior of high school girls. Methods: The subjects of this study consisted of 117 high school girls on S girls' high school. The data was analyzed with the SPSS computer program that includes descriptive statistics, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. Results: The mean age of subjects was 18.0 years old. The mean score of resourcefulness was 114.2. The most frequently practiced resourcefulness item was "By changing my way of thinking, I am often able to change my feelings about almost anything". The next most frequently practiced resourcefulness item was "My self-esteem increases when I am able to overcome a bad habit". There was no difference in the degree of resourcefulness with respect to the general characteristics. The mean score of health promoting behavior was 115.2. The group whose concerns over health was shown high health promoting behavior. The health education class group was shown high health promoting behavior. There was statistically significant positive correlation between resourcefulness and health promoting behavior of high school girls. Conclusion: The findings of this study provides promising evidence to construct further studies on the increasing health promoting behavior programs relating to high school girls. To increase health promoting behavior for high school girls, it is necessary to continue or possibly expand on existing health education programs.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.182-189
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors influencing health risk behavior in high school students. Methods: The subjects were 512 students from 4 high schools in 3 cities. The questionnaire measured the level of self-esteem, self-efficacy, internal locus of control and health risk behaviors. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression analysis. Results: There were significant differences in the health risk behaviors according to sex, a classification of the school, whether or not smoking of mother, whether or not live alone, level of harmonious family, level of satisfying school-life and three variables of them were significant differences by Scheffe test. There was a significant positive correlation between sub-dimension of health risk behaviors and the self-efficacy, self-esteem, internal locus of control were negative correlation with health risk behaviors. The most important influential factor of the health risk behaviors was the self-efficacy. Conclusion: From the studies reviewed, improving the self-efficacy, self-esteem, internal locus of control and the general social environment of students will probably be the most effective strategies for primary prevention of health risk behaviors.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.64-71
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• 2020

Purpose: This study investigated the relationship of the partnership between nurses and parents of hospitalized children with the quality of pediatric nursing care as perceived by pediatric nurses. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 90 nurses. The data collected were analyzed using the independent t-test and the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: The level of partnership between nurses and parents showed significant differences by nurses' age (t=2.22, p=.029) and marital status (t=2.54, p=.013). The quality of pediatric nursing care was found to significantly differ by the nurses' age (t=2.62, p=.013), marital status (t=4.17, p<.001), whether nurses had children (t=2.53, p=.020), pediatric ward work experience (t=2.43, p=.020), and total work experience (t=2.51, p=.016). The level of partnership between nurses and parents was positively correlated with the quality of pediatric nursing care (r=.48, p<.001). Conclusion: To improve the quality of nursing care for hospitalized children and their parents, it is important to consider the specific characteristics of pediatric nurses, whose clinical skills should be improved.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.236-246
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a Korean questionnaire to measure resilience in children with chronic illness. Methods: Item construction was drawn from an extensive review of the literature, existing questionnaires and interviews with parents. Content validity was tested by experts. To further refine the questionnaire and test its reliability and validity, data were collected from the 202 children with asthma, diabetes mellitus or nephrotic syndrome. Corrected items were used to total correlation coefficient and test-retest reliability. Questionnaire testing was conducted using factor analysis, Cronbach's $\alpha$, and correlation coefficients. Validity of the questionnaire was tested using internal consistency, construct validity, and criterion-related validity. Results: Components of the questionnaire were in three domains; interpersonal characteristics, characteristics of coping, and intrapersonal characteristics. Factor analysis is showed five factors; positive self-understanding, self-reliance, resourcefulness, perception of positive family relationships, and intimacy. The questionnaire showed a high internal consistency. A significant positive correlation with the Numerical Rating Score and negative correlation with the Child Depression Inventory support the validity of the questionnaire. Conclusion: This instrument demonstrated high reliability and validity. Therefore, this instrument can contribute to the evaluation of resilience of chronically ill children and to any subsequent intervention as well as to develop a theory for resilience.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.2-6
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• 2018

Objectives: Experiencing early childhood trauma is related to multiple psychiatric problems in adolescents and adulthood. This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Early Trauma Inventory Self Report-Short Form (ETISR-SF) among Korean adolescents. Methods: A total of 86 adolescents aged 12-17 years (mean age $14.50{\pm}1.35years$, range 12-17) were assessed using the ETISR-SF. Other instruments, including the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), the revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS), and the List of Threatening Experiences Questionnaire (LTE-Q), were used to assess clinical symptoms. After 2 months, 51 of the 86 participants were evaluated using the ETISR-SF to assess test-retest reliability. Results: The Cronbach's coefficient alpha for the ETISR-SF was high (0.803). Adolescents with depressive disorder showed higher ETISR-SF scores compared to healthy controls. The ETISR-SF scores were correlated higher with the scores on the LTE-Q (r=0.485) than with the scores on the CDI or RCMAS (r=0.165 and 0.347, respectively). Conclusion: The ETISR-SF was temporally stable, showing acceptable reliability (r=0.776). These findings suggest that the Korean version of the ETISR-SF appears to be a reliable and valid instrument for the measurement of reported childhood trauma.