• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.49-52
• /
• 2009

Single-drop microextraction (SDME) is an extraction methodology where the drop plays an essential role as extracts. It was evaluated for the GC-MS determination of nerve agents, one class of the chemical warfare agents (CWAs). Since these nerve agents are highly toxic, it is important to detect the nerve agents in the environmental samples. Several affecting factors including extraction solvents, stirring rate, extraction time, and amounts of salt were optimized. The limit of detections (LODs) were 0.1 - 10 ng/mL and the relative standard deviations (RSDs%, n=5) were in the range of 6.3% to 9.0% for four nerve agents. Without pretreatment of the environmental samples, 5-103 fold enrichments and 48-100% recovery were accomplished. These results demonstrated the feasibility of this method for on-site and off-site analysis of water sample collected from suspicious CWAs site.

• 한국염색가공학회지
• /
• 제33권1호
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2021

This study aims to prepare the fabric with detoxification properties against chemical warfare agent by the simple treatment. For this purpose, polypropylene non-woven fabric(PP) was treated with polyethyleneimine(PEI) and guanidinylated PEI and detoxification properties of the guanidinylated PEI treated PP were evaluated using diisopropylfluorophosphate(DFP), as a chemical warfare agent simulant, and compared with the untreated and PEI treated PP. The half-lives of DFP on guanidinylated PEI treated PP and untreated PP were 334 min and 714 min, respectively. The half-life of DFP with guanidinylated PEI treated PP was 53.22% shorter than with untreated PP. This result shows that guanidine group in guanidinylated PEI treated PP was acted as a base catalyst for hydrolysis of DFP and decreased half-life of DFP. Therefore, it is expected that guanidinylated PEI treatment can be an simple pathway to prepare the detoxification fabric material for protective clothing against chemical warfare agents.

• 한국염색가공학회지
• /
• 제32권2호
• /
• pp.73-79
• /
• 2020

Pursuing the fabric materials for military chemical warfare protective clothing with the improved detoxification properties, this study investigated the simple and effective cotton treatment method using pad-dry-cure process and 3-aminopropyltrimethox ysilane(APTMS) solution for surface amination. Detoxification properties of the untreated and treated cotton fabrics were evaluated via decontamination of chemical warfare agent simulant, DFP(diisopropylfluorophosphate). The surface aminated cotton fabric increased the rate of the hydrolysis of DFP by the factor of 3 and the decontamination ratio reached 88.2% after 24h. Therefore, the surface amination of the cotton fabric with APTMS can be an effective pathway to prepare the material for protective clothing against chemical warfare agents.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.210-217
• /
• 2022

Chemical warfare agents(CWA) such as nerve agents and vesicating agents show lethality by skin contamination. Skin protection, therefore, is one of the top priorities to deal with the growing threat from CWA. In an attempt to develop the most effective topical skin protectant(TSP), candidate substances including PFPE(perfluorinated polyether), PTFE(polytetrafluoroethylene), glycerin, and polysaccharides were evaluated in forms of various formulations against nerve agent simulant DMMP(dimethylmethyl phosphonate) penetration. The protective efficacy of the formulation against DMMP penetration was estimated as the onset time of color change of the KM9 chemical agent detection paper. Based on this study, it was found that several PFPE- and glycerin-based formulations exhibit remarkably superior efficacy as a protective cream. This protective cream is expected to be used as TSP for military application after further research.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제34권7호
• /
• pp.1967-1971
• /
• 2013

Aim of our study is finding adsorbents suitable for pre-concentration of chemical warfare agents (CWAs). We considered Tenax, bare silica and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-coated silica as adsorbents for dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) and dipropylene glycol methyl ether (DPGME). Tenax showed lower thermal stability, and therefore, desorption of CWA simulants and decomposition of Tenax took place simultaneously. Silica-based adsorbents showed higher thermal stabilities than Tenax. A drawback of silica was that adsorption of CWA simulant (DMMP) was significantly reduced by pre-treatment of the adsorbents with humid air. In the case of PDMS-coated silica, influence of humidity for CWA simulant adsorption was less pronounced due to the hydrophobic nature of PDMS-coating. We propose that PDMS-coated silica can be of potential importance as adsorbent of CWAs for their pre-concentration, which can facilitate detection of these CWAs.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
• /
• 제18권5호
• /
• pp.612-620
• /
• 2015

Short-range detection of chemical agents deposited on ground surface using a standoff Raman system employing a pulsed laser at 248 nm is described. Mounted in a vehicle such as an NBC reconnaissance vehicle, the system is protected against toxic chemicals. As most chemicals including chemical warfare agents have unique Raman spectra, the spectra can be used for detecting toxic chemicals contaminated on the ground. This article describes the design of the Raman spectroscopic system and its performance on several chemicals contaminated on asphalt, concrete, sand, etc.

• 센서학회지
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.217-223
• /
• 2014

Nerve agents are major chemical warfare agents with the "G series" and "V series" being the most widely known because of their lethal effect. Although not conspicuously used in major wars, the potential detrimental impact on modern society had been revealed from the sarin terror attack on Tokyo subway, which affected thousands of people. In this mini-review, major nerve agents of the "G series" and "V series" have been described along with various types of their detection methods. The physical properties and hydrolysis mechanisms of the major nerve agents are discussed since these are important factors to be considered in choosing detection methods, and specifying the procedures for sample preparations in order to enhance detection precision. Various types of extraction methods, including liquid-phase, solid-phase, gas-phase and solid-phase microextraction (SPME), are described. Recent development in the use of gas sensors for detecting nerve agents is also summarized.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
• /
• 제11권4호
• /
• pp.133-140
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this study is to provide response methods to minimize the damage from chemical terrorism in a naturally ventilated indoor system using several types of dispersion simulations. Three chemical warfare agents such as sarin(GB), phosgene and chlorine gas which have high potential to be used in terror or to be involved with accidents were selected in this simulation. Fire dynamic simulation based on Large Eddy Simulation which is effective because of less computational effort and detailed expression of the dispersion flow was adopted to describe the dispersion behavior of these agents. When the vent speed is 0.005m/s, the heights of 0.1 agent mass fraction are 0.9m for sarin, 1.0m for phosgene and 1.1m for chlorine gas, and the maximum mass fraction are 0.27 for all three agents. However, when the vent speed is increased to 0.05m/s, the heights of 0.1 agent mass fraction become 1.6m for all three agents and maximum mass fraction inside the room increase to 0.70 for sarin, 0.58 for phosgene and 0.53 for chlorine gas. It is shown that molecular weight of the agents has an important role for dispersion, and it is important to install ventilation system with height less than 1.6m to minimize the damage from chemical toxicity.

• 한국염색가공학회지
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.51-56
• /
• 2020

This study aims to pursue the multi-functional textile finishing method to detoxify chemical warfare agent by simply treating the well-known antimicrobial agent, chitosan, to cotton fabric. For this purpose, DFP(diisopropylfluorophosphate) was sele cted as a chemical warfare agent simulant and cotton fabric was treated with 0.5, 1.0, and 2wt% chitosan solution in 1wt% acetic acid. DFP decontamination properties of the chitosan treated cotton fabrics were evaluated and compared with the untreated cotton fabric. The chitosan treated cotton fabrics showed better DFP decontamination than the untreated cotton. Decontamination properties of the chitosan treated cotton fabrics improved with the increased chitosan solution used. Especially, the cotton fabrics treated with 2wt% chitosan solution showed 5 times more DFP decontamina tion than the untreated cotton fabrics. This suggested that the chitosan treated fabric has potential to be used as a material for protective clothing with chemical warfare agent detoxifying and antimicrobial properties.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• 제52권3호
• /
• pp.360-365
• /
• 2014

과산화수소 증기는 기존 염소계열의 멸균제에 비해 부식성이 낮아 제약 및 의료 분야의 실내멸균제로 사용되며, 암모니아 가스 추가 시 화학작용제의 제독성능이 있다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 과산화수소 증기를 이용하여 HD, GD, VX의 유사작용제인 CEPS, DFP, dimethoate 등에 대한 제독효율을 확인하였다. 이를 위해 자체 구성한 과산화수소 기화장치에서 발생시킨 증기를 제독챔버에 주입하여 반응시간을 유지하였다. 제독 후 잔류물을 GC/MS로 분석한 후 제독효율을 계산하였고, 각각의 유사작용제에 대한 반응 생성물을 통해서 화학작용제의 반응 메카니즘과 유사함을 확인하였다. 실험결과 CEPS는 30%의 상대습도에서 60분의 반응시간에 완전제독 되었고, 암모니아 가스 주입의 동반하에서 DFP는 30분, dimethoate는 150분의 반응시간에 완전제독되었다.