• Title/Summary/Keyword: Charges

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Structural Arrangement of Water Molecules around Highly Charged Nanoparticles: Molecular Dynamics Simulation

  • Kim, Eunae;Yeom, Min Sun
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • v.35 no.5
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    • pp.1501-1505
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    • 2014
  • Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to understand the structural arrangement of water molecules around highly charged nanoparticles under aqueous conditions. The effect of two highly charged nanoparticles on the solvation charge asymmetry has been examined. We calculated the radial distribution functions of the components of water molecules around nanoparticles which have four charge types at two different salt concentrations. Even though the distributions of water molecules surrounding a sodium ion and a chloride ion are hardly affected by the charges of nanoparticles and the salt concentrations, those around highly charged nanoparticles are strongly influenced by the charges of nanoparticles, but hardly by the charges of nanoparticles and salt concentrations. We find that the distributions of hydrogen atoms in water molecules around one highly charged nanoparticle are dependent on the magnitude of the nanoparticle charge.

A Study on Airlines Network Changes by Emission Charges (배출가스 부과금에 따른 항공사 네트워크의 변화에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Baek-Jae;Choi, Jin-Young
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.178-186
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    • 2017
  • Air travel has become an essential part of the global society and its sustainable development is expected. Airlines profit structure and network operation will be influenced by internalization of external costs like emission charge. This additional cost of the airlines will be directly pose air ticket fare increase and demand of air passenger will be decreased. EU-ETS is a part of environmental binding to airlines fly to EU territory airports. This study analyzes the impact of emission charges by application of EU-ETS on airlines network change. For long-term forecast, a reliable estimation of the future price of carbon dioxide (CO2) will be used.

Suggestions what need to be done to improve the airline services of the LCC (저비용항공사의 항공서비스 개선을 위한 과제)

  • Kim, Jeong Sook
    • Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.49-67
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    • 2015
  • The study aims to review airline services like the domestic line performance, the general flight fares and website discount fairs, reservation cancellation and cancellation charges, reroutings and personal discount system of the low cost carriers(LCC), and suggest what needs to be done to improve the airline service. The improvements to be made by the LCC should include increasing regular domestic lines, providing information compared for consumers, relieving the toll to call the service center, revising the conditions on reservation cancellation penalty, rerouting charges, revising the consumer dispute resolution standards, and promoting frequent fliers program. Development strategies should be established that can boost consumer benefits through the improvement of the airline services.

Surface Properties of Epoxy Composites by Plasma Treatment (플라즈마처리에 따른 에폭시 복합재료의 표면특성)

  • 임경범;이백수;이덕출
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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    • v.14 no.10
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    • pp.821-827
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    • 2001
  • In this study performed to identify a degradation mechanism in macromolecular insulating material, the contact angel, surface potential decay, surface resistivity, and XPS analysis were compared after exposure of FRP laminate to plasma discharge. In the case of contact angle, the surface of specimen untreated showed weak hydrophobic property of 73。. However, the contact angle was decreased to 20。in the plasma-treated specimen. In the case of chemical changes arising form plasma treatment, carboxl radicals were generated mainly in the surface treated, which was rapidly changed to the hydrophilic one. In the corona potential decay study to determine the electrical changes of the surface, positive charges were rapidly decreased when compared with negative charges, leading to negative property in the surface of specimen not treated. However, in the case of the hydrophilic surface, lots of carboxl radicals acting as positive polarity were generated, resulting in positive surface. Owing to such positive surface, charges of negative polarity applied were rapidly decreased.

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Investigation for Multi-bit per Cell on the CSL-NOR Type SONOS Flash Memories (CSL-NOR형 SONOS 플래시 메모리의 멀티비트 적용에 관한 연구)

  • Kim Joo-Yeon;An Ho-Myoung;Lee Myung-Shik;Kim Byung-Cheul;Seo Kwang-Yell
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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    • v.18 no.3
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    • pp.193-198
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    • 2005
  • NOR type flash 32 ${\times}$ 32 way are fabricated by using the typical 0.35 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ CMOS process. The structure of array is the NOR type with common source line. In this paper, optimized program and erase voltage conditions are presented to realize multi-bit per cell at the CSL-NOR array. These are considered selectivity of selected bit and disturbances of unselected bits. Retention characteristics of locally trapped-charges in the nitride layer are investigated. The lateral diffusion and vertical detrapping to the tunneling oxide of locally trapped charges as a function of retention time are investigated by using the charge pumping method. The results are directly shown by change of the trapped-charges quantities.

Decay and diffusion characteristic of electron and ion surface charges on MgO

  • Syn, Ho-Jung;Jeong, Dong-Cheol;Lee, Tae-Ho;Whang, Ki-Woong
    • 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2008.10a
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    • pp.377-380
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    • 2008
  • In this work, we measured the spatiotemporal surface charge distribution by the longitudinal electro-optic amplitude modulation method with BSO single crystal to investigate the decay and diffusion characteristics of surface charges in three types of MgO. The speed of decay and diffusion of two different kinds doped MgO is compared with those of pure MgO. The difference in the characteristics of the decay and diffusion between the electron and ion surface charges is investigated separately. We found that the rate of ion decay is the major factor that makes the difference of the temporal variation of wall voltage among different types doped MgO.

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User charges of transport infrastructures and economic theories (교통시설 사용료 산정 원칙과 경제이론)

  • 최진석;이광석;한은영
    • Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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    • 2001.10a
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    • pp.74-82
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    • 2001
  • This paper sets out what can be said in general about pricing within transport sectors. In this paper we briefly restate the economic principles of pricing that hold for two transport sectors-road and rail. This is used as a basis for a discussion of pricing principles in the transport sector. Here we focus on the pricing of user charges of transport infrastructures. We start this paper to analyse road transport sector and compare it with rail sector. In fact as a result of the trend towards rail reform, the issue of charging mechanisms for the use of rail infrastructure has become increasingly important. In this paper, we just take the problem in theory and present some foreign cases. But our long-run objective will be the design of efficient user charges of infrastructures based on fair intermodal competition.

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Study on the Streaming Electrification of Insulating oil Under Electricfield (전계가 가해진 절연유의 유동대전 특성 고찰)

  • 허창수;정중일
    • Electrical & Electronic Materials
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    • v.10 no.4
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    • pp.334-341
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    • 1997
  • Streaming electrification on insulating paper and pressboard under D.C. and A.C. electric field was investigated by using paper tubes and oil circulation apparatus. At first, flowing of static charges as measured with no electric field. As the temperature of oil increased, the measured current curve hows peak. As the velocity increased, it shows increasing exponential curve. Then, we applied A.C. and D.C. electric field on paper tube and the current from relaxation tank to earth was measured, which other factors such as temperature and velocity were varied like case of no electric field. The ions in oil carry the charges. So electric field makes asymmetry effect, and electrophoretic effect on ions in oil. We find that as the electric field intensity increased, the charges which were made by electric double layer were increased. The charge vs. velocity curve made peak point at a velocity.

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A Study on the Optimum Driving Conditions of AC-PDP using the V-Q Lissajous‘ Figure (V-Q Lissajous' Figure을 이용한 AC-PDP 최적 구동 조건에 관한 연구)

  • Cho, Woo-Sung;Choi, Chang-Hun;Kim, Young-Cho;Park, Sun-Woo;Rho, Seung-Young
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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    • 2002.11a
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    • pp.128-131
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    • 2002
  • In this paper, we used the V-Q Lissajous‘ figure for studying on the plasma discharge characteristics of the 42 inches AC-PDP. From the V-Q Lissajous‘ figure, we could observe exactly the driving conditions that the self-erasing discharge takes place. At the time, the total wall charges lessened by self-erasing discharge was calculated quantitatively. Beside of the just observation of self-erasing discharge and calculation of the charges lessened, we could find out the optimum driving conditions for inducing the maximum wall charges accumulated on the dielectric layer with measuring the Wall voltage from the V-Q Lissajous' figure.

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Study on UV degradation in Polymeric Insulating Materials for Use in Outdoor Insulators by Corona-Charging (코로나 대전을 통한 옥외용 고분자 절연재료의 자외선 열화특성 연구)

  • Youn, Bok-Hee;An, Jong-Sik;Lee, Sang-Yong;Huh, Chang-Su
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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    • 2001.05c
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    • pp.106-109
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    • 2001
  • In this paper, we have investigated the degradation of shed materials of outdoor insulators by UV-radiation by using corona-charging and XPS analysis. The accumulated charges on polymeric surface having intrinsic hydrophobic property have a negative impact on retaining its hydrophobicity. Therefore, shorter decay times of surface charges are preferred. The surface voltage decay on UV-treated silicone rubber and EPDM show a different decay trend with UV treated time. From the XPS analysis, the oxidized groups of silica-like structure in silicone rubber increase with UV treatment time. For EPDM, the oxidized carbon groups of C=O, O=C-O increase as elapse of UV radiation time. These oxidized surface for each material have different electrostatic characteristics, so deposited charges may be expected to have different impacts on their surface hydrophobicity. The degradation mechanism based on our results is discussed.

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