• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.277-280
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• 2006

Rapid and highly sensitive determination of nicotine in a PDMS microfluidic channel was investigated using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). A three-dimensional PDMS microfluidic channel was fabricated for this purpose. This channel shows a high mixing efficiency because the transverse and vertical dispersions of the fluid occur simultaneously through the upper and lower zig zag-type blocks. A higher efficiency of mixing could also be obtained by splitting each of the confluent streams into two sub-streams that then joined and recombined. The SERS signal was measured after nicotine molecules were effectively adsorbed onto silver nanoparticles by passing through the three-dimensional channel. A quantitative analysis of nicotine was performed based on the measured peak area at 1030 $cm^{-1}$. The detection limit was estimated to be below 0.1 ppm. In this work, the SERS detection, in combination with a PDMS microfluidic channel, has been applied to the quantitative analysis of nicotine in aqueous solution. Compared to the other conventional analytical methods, the detection sensitivity was enhanced up to several orders of magnitude.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.1311-1324
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• 2019

In the traditional cellular network communication, the cellular user and the base station exchange information through the uplink channel and downlink channel. Meanwhile, device-to-device (D2D) users access the cellular network by reusing the channel resources of the cellular users. However, when cellular user channel conditions are poor, not only D2D user cannot reuse its channel resources to access the network, but also cellular user's communication needs cannot be met. To solve this problem, we introduced a novelty D2D communication mechanism in the downlink, which D2D transmitter users as half-duplex (HD) relays to assist the downlink transmission of cellular users with reusing corresponding spectrum. The optimization goal of the system is to make the cellular users in the bad channel state meet the minimum transmission rate requirement and at the same time maximize the throughput of the D2D users. In addition, i for the purpose of improving the efficiency of relay transmission, we use two-antenna architecture of D2D relay to enable receive and transmit signals at the same time. Then we optimized power of base station and D2D relay separately with consideration of backhaul interference caused by two-antenna architectures. The simulation results show that the proposed HD relay strategyis superior to existing HD and full-duplex (FD) models in the aspects of system throughput and power efficiency.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.677-684
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• 2015

Recently, orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) was applied to VLC systems owing to its high rate capability. On the other hand, a real-valued unipolar OFDM signal for VLC significantly reduces bandwidth efficiency. For practical implementation, channel estimation is required for data demodulation, which causes a further decrease in spectral efficiency. In addition, the large fluctuation of an OFDM signal results in poor illumination quality, such as chromaticity changes. This paper proposes a spectrally efficient method based on a hidden-pilot-aided precoding technology for VLC with less flickering than a conventional OFDM-based method. This approach can obtain channel information without any loss of bandwidth efficiency while ensuring illumination quality by reducing the flickering effect of an OFDM-based VLC. The simulation results show that the proposed method provides a 6.4% gain in bandwidth efficiency with a 4% reduction in flicker compared to a conventional OFDM-based method.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제30권6A호
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• pp.455-464
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• 2005

본 논문에서는 OFDMA, TDD 전송방식을 채택한 WiBro 시스템 표준의 resource 할당 알고리듬을 시뮬레이션을 통해 구현하였고, bandwidth efficiency를 보다 더 높이기 위한 알고리듬을 제안하였다. 제안하는 알고리듬은, 변조지수를 최대로 하여 채널 이득이 큰 subchannel부터 작은 subchannel 순서로 비트를 할당한다. 이 때 subchannel의 수를 증가시킴으로 인해 전송되어야 할 power가 증가하는데, 이 power가 available power를 넘는 순간에 할당되는 subchannel의 변조지수를 조정하여 available power를 넘지 않게 하는 방법이다. 기존의 greedy algorithm이나 WiBro 시스템과 비교하였을 때, 제안하는 알고리듬을 적용할 경우 power가 제한되어 있는 것으로 인해 사용되는 subchannel의 수가 현저히 작아져서 bandwidth efficiency 측면에서는 좋은 성능을 나타내게 한다. 하지만 channel attenuation이 큰 환경에서는 최대 throughput이 떨어지는 문제점이 발생하는데, 타 시스템에서 지원하는 만큼의 throughput을 보장하는 문제 역시 중요하기 때문에, 이를 극복하기 위해 이 경우에는 available power를 추가 할당하여 사용되는 subchannel수를 증가시켰다. 이 경우, 기존 시스템과 비슷한 throughput을 보장하면서 bandwidth 이득은 더 높게 얻을 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 전자공학회논문지 IE
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.61-70
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• 2011

IEEE 802.11 무선 네트워크에서는 프레임 충돌현상을 방지하기 위해 RTS/CTS와 같은 제어프레임을 지원한다. 하지만 제어프레임은 프레임 충돌 현상을 막지만 전송률을 떨어뜨린다. 또한, 이웃하는 셀이나 같은 셀에 있는 다른 노드들의 동작을 막아버리는 현상인 False Node Problem을 발생시키기도 한다. 비효율적인 전송률과 False Node Problem을 해결하기 위해 새로운 제어프레임을 제안한다. 새로운 제어 프레임은 기존의 프레임에서 채널 감지기능을 갖는 4바이트를 추가한 것이며, 채널 감지 기능은 데이터를 수신할 때 일정한 시간에 채널을 다시 감지한다. 이 기능으로 채널의 접속 빈도를 높이게 되어 False Node Problem을 방지할 것이라고 기대한다. False Node Problem 방지와 효율적인 전송률을 증명하기 위해 새로운 제어프레임과 기존의 제어프레임을 지연시간과 load을 비교 분석을 하였다.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2015

This paper deals with optimal power allocation for channel estimation of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing uplinks in time-varying channels. In the existing literature, the estimation of time-varying channel response in an uplink environment can be accomplished by estimating the corresponding channel parameters. Accordingly, the optimal power allocation studied in the literature has been in terms of minimizing the mean square error of the channel estimation. However, the final goal for channel estimation is to enable the application of coherent detection, which usually means high spectral efficiency. Therefore, it is more meaningful to optimize the power allocation in terms of capacity. In this paper, we investigate capacity with imperfect channel estimation. By exploiting the derived capacity expression, an optimal power allocation strategy is developed. With this developed power allocation strategy, improved performance can be observed, as demonstrated by the numerical results.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.203-208
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• 2006

Channel estimation and data detection for OFDM systems over time- and frequency-selective channels are investigated. Relying on the complex exponential basis expansion channel model, a pilot-embedded channel estimation scheme with low computational complexity and spectral efficiency is proposed. A periodic pilot sequence is superimposed at a low power on information bearing sequence at the transmitter before modulation and transmission. The channel state information(CSI) can be estimated using the first-order statistics of the received data. In order to enhance the performance of channel estimation, we recover the transmitted data which can be exploited to estimate CSI iteratively. Simulation results show that the proposed method is suitable for doubly-selective channel estimation for the OFDM systems and the performance of the proposed method can be better than that of the Wiener filter method under some conditions. Through simulations, we also analyze the factors which can affect the system performances.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.603-606
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• 2010

In this letter, we propose a channel estimation algorithm based on incremental pilots. These are pilots additionally inserted after puncturing the modulated orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols to enhance channel estimation performance without lowering bandwidth efficiency. A low-density parity-check code puncturing scheme is also proposed to prevent the performance degradation due to the codeword bit loss caused by punctured OFDM symbols.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제34권9호
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• pp.851-857
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• 2010

작은 장치 스케일과 낮은 Reynolds number를 수반하는 마이크로 채널에서의 혼합효율 최대화를 위하여 사각형 장애물을 이용한 Passive 마이크로 믹서의 최적 설계를 수행하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 구조가 단순한 Y-Channel내부에 사각형 장애물의 개수와 그 크기, 그리고 위치를 변화시켜가면서 비정렬 해석 기법을 이용하여 해석을 수행하였다. 또한 최대 허용 압력 강하값을 제한 조건으로 설정하여 제한조건을 만족하면서 혼합 효율을 최대화하는 Y-Channel 형상의 최적화를 수행하였다. 이를 통하여 2개의 사각형 장애물을 사용할 경우 원형 장애물의 결과와 비교했을 때 최대 2.5% 혼합 효율이 향상됨을 확인하였다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.1052-1070
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• 2016

Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) have received a lot of attention as a promising technology for medical and healthcare applications. A WBAN should guarantee energy efficiency, data reliability, and low data latency because it uses tiny sensors that have limited energy and deals with medical data that needs to be timely and correctly transferred. To satisfy this requirement, many multi-radio multi-channel MAC protocols have been proposed, but these cannot be implemented on current off-the-shelf sensor nodes because they do not support multi-radio transceivers. Thus, recently single-radio multi-channel MAC protocols have been proposed; however, these methods are energy inefficient due to data duplication. This paper proposes a TDMA-based single-radio, multi-channel MAC protocol that uses the Unbalanced Star+Mesh topology to satisfy the requirements of WBANs. Our analytical analysis together experiments using real sensor nodes show that the proposed protocol outperforms existing methods in terms of energy efficiency, reliability, and low data latency.