• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.311-319
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• 2018

Purpose: The aim of this study is to develop a small combine for harvesting miscellaneous cereal crops. Methods: A prototype small combine was designed and constructed. Its specifications and basic performance were investigated. Results: The prototype small combine for harvesting miscellaneous cereal crops was designed and constructed to reflect similar specifications as those of the conventional combine. The prototype small combine comprises a diesel engine with the rated power/speed of 22.0 kW/2,600 rpm, three-stage primary and two-stage speed range transmission shifts, and a double acting threshing part. The maximum travel speeds of the prototype combine are approximately 0.72 m/s, 2.50 m/s, 0.30 m/s at the low, high speed range shifts in the forward direction, and while traversing in the reverse direction, respectively. The minimum radius of turning was approximately 1.50 m. In a static lateral overturning test, the prototype combine overturned neither to the right nor to left on a $30^{\circ}$ slope. The results of an oilseed rape harvesting test included the maximum operating speed of 0.32 m/s, the grain loss ratio of approximately 9.0%, and the effective field capacity of approximately 10.3 a/h. Additionally, among the outputs in grain outlet, the whole grains, damage grains, and materials other than grain (MOG) ratios accounted for 97.4%, 0.0%, and 2.6%, respectively. Conclusions: The prototype small combine for harvesting miscellaneous cereal crops indicates good driving ability and stability. The results of the oilseed rape harvesting test reveal that the harvesting performance must be enhanced such that the separating and cleaning parts are more suitable for each type of crop, thus reducing grain loss and foreign substances among the outputs in grain outlet. An improved small prototype combine could be used effectively to mechanize the harvesting of miscellaneous cereal crops in small family farms or semi-mountainous areas.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.174-180
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• 2014

This study was conducted to know the effect of low radiation during grain filling stage of rice on its grain yield, components, physicochemical properties and palatability, compared to the effect of natural light. Ripened grain ratio, 1000 grain weight of brown rice, milled rice yield of Mipum, Hopum, and Sindongjin were reduced as the shading treatments become higher. After harvest, physicochemical properties of rice influencing eating quality were investigated. Protein content of milled rice was increased, but palatability was decreased by shading treatments. Change of milled rice proteins and palatability due to shading treatments were found to be less in Mipum than that in Hopum and Sindongjin. With regard to amylogram properties, shading treatments resulted in a significant decrease in peak trough final breakdown viscosities of rice flour, though it increased pasting temperature and setback viscosity. The degree of the 55% shading effect was more intensive than the 35% shading effect in changes of ripened grain ratio, 1000 grain weight of brown rice, milled rice yield and milled rice protein.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.661-669
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• 2011

This study investigated the quality characteristics of saccharified minor cereal gruel prepared with different grain kojis (rice, buckwheat, sorghum, adlay, and Italian millet koji). The moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, and crude ash contents of raw materials showed ranges of 11.12 - 12.85; 5.81-16.24; 0.56 - 4.36, and 0.28 - 1.93%, respectively. The crude protein, crude lipid, and crude ash contents of the samples showed ranges of 1.64 to 2.44; 0.08 to 0.28, and 0.09 to 0.18%, respectively. The pH, L, a, and b values ranged from 6.11- 6.43; 58.72 - 65.96; 2.92 - 5.76, and 7.81- 9.42, respectively. The viscosities of saccharified minor cereal gruel prepared with different grain kojis were significantly (p<0.05) lower than the unsaccharified minor cereal gruel. After the saccharification, the soluble solids, glucose, and maltose content were significantly (p<0.05) increased, with ranges of $9.58-10.61^{\circ}Brix$; 0.64 - 0.90%, and 0.32 - 0.50%, respectively. A sensory evaluation indicated that minor cereal gruels saccharified using sorghum koji and adlay koji were more acceptable than unsaccharified minor cereal gruel. In conclusion, the cereal kojis could be used as a gruel processing method that would increase the sensory properties and nutritional values of gruels.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.102-107
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• 2002

Cereal grains are rich in phenolic compounds that give beneficial effect in human health. Although several research works have been reported on the effects of phytochemicals of plant origin, such as fruits, vegetables, few studies have examined the antioxidative effects of whole cereal grains. The objective of this study was to determine total antioxidant capacity of 80% ethanolic extracts of cereal grains by testing the ability of the extracts to inhibit UV -induced lipid peroxidation in vitro using linoleic acid in comparison to well-known antioxidant such as ascorbic acid and tannic acid. The total phenolic content of the cereal grain (80% ethanolic extracts) investigated in this study varied from 2.1 mg/g (wheat cv. Olgeurumil) to 10.4 mg/g (barely cv. Seodunchalbori). Highly positive relationship between total phenol compounds and antioxidant activity was found. When the antioxidant activities of all investigated extracts were measured with application of same quantity of phenol compounds, oat grain extracts showed similar antioxidant activity of barely cultivars. However, barely extract appeared as the most potent antioxidant activity of inhibition of UV -induced lipid peroxidation. This indicated that factors such as phenolic compound composition and their individual antioxidant activity could playa crucial role in the total antioxidant activity of cereal grains.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.383-390
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• 2011

Near-isogenic lines (NILs) carrying bacterial blight resistance genes (Xa4, xa5 and Xa21) were developed in japonica rice using Suweon345 as genetic background. NILs were selected by gene specific DNA markers and inoculation of K1 or K3a race. NILs conferring Xa4 were resistant to K1, K2, K3, and moderately resistant to K3a. NILs conferring xa5 were resistant to K1, K2, K3, and K3a. NILs having Xa21 were susceptible to K1, while resistant to K2, K3 and K3a. Target genes of NILs with the genetic background of Suweon345 were also confirmed by using eleven Philippines races and International Rice Bacterial Blight (IRBB) NILs carrying Xa4, xa5 and Xa21. All NILs had no significant difference from their recurrent parents in the major agronomic traits except for panicle length and brown rice 1,000 grain weight. Heading date of NILs ranged from Aug. 10 to Aug. 11, which was similar to that of recurrent parent, Suweon345. Culm length, number of grains per panicle and ratio of ripened grain of NILs were similar to those of Suweon345. Milled rice of NILs was ranged from 4.82 to 4.93MT/ha. These NILs will be useful for improving resistance to K3a race of bacterial blight pathogens in Korean japonica cultivars.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.169-176
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• 2013

Preharvest sprouting seriously reduces milling and baking quality of hard winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain. To determine the effect of nitrogen fertilizer application on decreasing of preharvest sprouting, several levels of N-fertilization were conducted in two winter wheat cv. Keumkang and Jokyung, grown in Iksan. Nitrogen fertilization is used to increase grain yield and protein content. Grain yield increased at 108kg/ha (50% increased nitrogen to the standard) application and decreased as more nitrogen was applied. There was a linear increase in grain protein contents with increasing level of nitrogen application. Germination rate, germination index and ABA sensitivity were gradually reduced by increasing of nitrogen application level. Preharvest sprouting showed a significantly correlation to germination rate but could not be correlated to protein content and falling number. A significant positive correlation was detected between preharvest sprouting and different additional nitrogen fertilizer levels.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.115-134
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• 1988

In view of the wide range that occurs in the nutritive value of cereal straw, the factors that may contribute are discussed under the heading of : (a) genetic factors; (b) environment factors affecting the pattern of plant growth; and (c) management factors associated with grain harvest and threshing and straw storage. The possible ways of improving the nutritive value of cereal straw without pretreatment may be achieved by selecting and breeding better cereal straw, by controlling environmental factors, by controlling management practices and by appropriate supplementation strategies to alleviate deficiencies of essential nutrients. Thus improvement in the nutritive value of cereal straw would be attained without pretreatment.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.369-376
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• 2002

The dielectric properties of cereal grains such as short-grain rough rice, brown rice and barley with various moisture contents were determined by measuring the attenuation and phase shift of the microwave signal trough the grain samples at 9.5GHz. The microwave free-space transmission measurement system consisted of sample holder, horn antenna and network analyzer. Dielectric constant and loss factor of grain samples increased with moisture content and bulk density and agreed well with previous research results. Moisture density, which is defined as the product of moisture content and bulk density, was proposed as a bulk density and variety compensation factor. The technique for measurement of dielectric properties based on free-space transmission may be useful for other particulate materials.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 1998

This Study was performed to investigate the contents of aflatoxin $B_{1}$ in cereal, pulse, nuts and these products of domestic and import. These results were as follows. 1. Average concentration(in ${\mu}g/kg$) of aflatoxin $B_{1}$ in domestic foods were 2.6 in cereal, 3.9 in pulse, 4.2 in nuts and 1.4 grain products. The contents of aflatoxin B$_{1}$ in pulse and nuts were much higher than those of cereal and grain products. But their values were still within $10{\mu}g/kg$ the maximum residual level of aflatoxin $B_{1}$ for food of Korea. 2. Average contents of aflatoxin $B_{1}$ in import foods were 4.8, 5.4, 6.0, $3.8{\mu}g/kg$ for cereal pulse , nuts and popcorn & peanuts butter, respectively. And these values were found to be below the maximum residual level ($10{\mu}g/kg$) of aflatoxin $B_{1}$ for food of Korea. 3. The concentration of aflatoxin $B_{1}$ in 2 samples of domestic and 9 samples of import foods were over the tolerance limit for aflatoxin $B_{1}$ in food of Korea. Therefore, the hygienic managements of the foods should be required during storage and circulation at market.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.564-567
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• 2009

"Boseog" is a new japonica rice cultivar developed from the three way cross of Kinuhikari//HR19621AC6/Sobibyeo and registered by the rice breeding team of Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2008. This cultivar has about 110 days of growth duration from transplanting to harvesting in northern plain, northern and southern mid-mountainous area of Korea. This cultivar is about 72 cm in culm length and tolerant to lodging. In the reaction to biotic and abiotic stresses, it shows resistance to leaf blast, but susceptibility to bacterial blight, virus diseases and insect pests. The milled rice of "Boseog" exhibits translucent, relatively clear non-glutinous endosperm and midium short grain. It has similar amylose content(18.0%), lower protein content(6.3%), and similar palatability of cooked rice compared to Odaebyeo. The milled rice yield of this variety is about 5.03 MT/ha in local adaptability test. "Boseog" would be adaptable for ordinary transplanting in northern plain, mid-mountainous and southern mountainous area of Korea.