• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.212-218
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• 2019

식품 안전 규제에서 위해물질에 대한 국내 기준 설정시 국제식품규격위원회(Codex Alimentarius Commission, CAC) 기준과의 조화를 위한 검토가 요구되며 이를 위해서는 코덱스 식품분류에 대한 정확한 이해가 필요하다. 따라서 여기에서는 CAC(코덱스) 식품분류 개정 작업이 2017년에 완료된 곡류, 그리고 2018년에 완료된 견과종실류와 허브 및 향신료에 대해 개정된 코덱스 식품분류 내용을 소개하고자 하였다. 그 내용을 간략히 요약하면 다음과 같다. 코덱스 식품분류에는 국내 식품분류(식품의약품안전처의 분류)에서 곡류에 해당하는 것으로 Group 020 cereal grains (6개 subgroup), 견과종실류에 해당하는 것으로 3개 그룹, Group 022 tree nuts (subgroup 없음), Group 023 oil seeds and oilfruits (5개 subgroup), Group 024 seeds for beverages and sweets (subgroup 없음)가 있다. 그리고 허브와 향신료의 경우 코덱스에는 2개 그룹, Group 027 (3개 subgroup), Group 028 (9개 subgroup)이 있다. 코덱스 식품분류에서 식품에 부여된 commodity code의 수는 Group 020 27개, Group 022 32개, Group 023 46개, Group 0244개, Group 027 127개, Group 028 138개 이다. 한편 코덱스와 식품의약품안전처의 식품분류 사이에는 여러 차이점이 있었다. 예를 들면 국내 식품분류에서는 곡류나 허브를 코덱스처럼 세분화하지 않았고 코덱스와 달리 땅콩을 견과류에 묶어서 한 그룹으로 분류하고 있고 기타식물류를 두었다. 코덱스 식품분류를 사용할 때 이러한 차이에 대한 주의가 필요하다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.226-234
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in the content of functional components and the antioxidant activity of cooked rice and porridge composed of selected grains. The results of the study showed that brown rice and oat contained considerable amounts of γ-oryzanol (78.099~238.566 mg/100 g). However, cooked rice showed a decreased content of the same. The highest content of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was observed in brown rice from Samgwang. The contents of biotin in all samples also decreased in cooked rice compared to raw cereal grains. The highest content of total polyphenols and flavonoids were observed in Heukjinmi rice, and the highest radical scavenging activity was also found in this variety. The cooking process led to a decrease in the content of functional components including γ-oryzanol, GABA, biotin, polyphenols, and flavonoids versus the corresponding raw cereal grains. These results may be useful in the development and application of home meal replacements using cereal grains.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.237-243
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• 2014

Spawn is the vegetative growth of the mycelium and serves as the inoculum or seed for cultivating mushrooms. Various cereal grains, such as wheat, millet, barley, sorghum, brown rice, rye, and oat were assessed to compare their characteristics and suitability for spawn production of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). The mycelial growth rates, density, and the number of completely colonized grains were measured from the twentieth day of inoculation. Wheat grains showed fastest mycelial growth with 8.4 cm followed by rye, oat, barley with 8.2, 7.5 and 7.3 cm, respectively. In the mycelial density, foxtail millet, barley, and sorghum were best compared with that of wheat grains. Especially, the number of grains which were completely colonized by mycelia were greatest in foxtail millet with 5,123 grains followed by proso millet, and wheat with 3,052 and 914, respectively. Based on the results obtained, barley, foxtail millet, and sorghum grains would be appropriate substituting for wheat grain in spawn production of button mushroom.

• Mycobiology
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.183-190
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• 2003

Five cereal grains(wheat, barley, rice, maize and sorghum) were collected from three Egyptian provinces known to be grain producers(Daqahlia, Gharbia and Kafer el-Sheikh). Two species of Alternaria(A. raphani and A. tenusinae); two species of Aspergillus(A. flavus and A. niger); one species of Cunninghamella(C. elegans); one Dreschslera species(D. myakt); three Fusarium species(F. graminearum, F. moniliform and F. solani); one Rhizopus species(R. stolonifer) and two species of Penicillium(P. digitatum and P. notatum) were isolated from the grains. The densities of these fungi and their frequencies of occurrence have been investigated. All the fungal isolates were tested for the production of toxic metabolites in culture media and the percentages of toxigenic isolates were calculated. The biological assay of the toxigenic fungal isolates showed significant variations in toxigenic activity. Thin layer chromatography revealed that the most active isolate produces moniliformin in culture media. The effect of culture conditions on the production of moniliformin was studied.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.102-107
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• 2002

Cereal grains are rich in phenolic compounds that give beneficial effect in human health. Although several research works have been reported on the effects of phytochemicals of plant origin, such as fruits, vegetables, few studies have examined the antioxidative effects of whole cereal grains. The objective of this study was to determine total antioxidant capacity of 80% ethanolic extracts of cereal grains by testing the ability of the extracts to inhibit UV -induced lipid peroxidation in vitro using linoleic acid in comparison to well-known antioxidant such as ascorbic acid and tannic acid. The total phenolic content of the cereal grain (80% ethanolic extracts) investigated in this study varied from 2.1 mg/g (wheat cv. Olgeurumil) to 10.4 mg/g (barely cv. Seodunchalbori). Highly positive relationship between total phenol compounds and antioxidant activity was found. When the antioxidant activities of all investigated extracts were measured with application of same quantity of phenol compounds, oat grain extracts showed similar antioxidant activity of barely cultivars. However, barely extract appeared as the most potent antioxidant activity of inhibition of UV -induced lipid peroxidation. This indicated that factors such as phenolic compound composition and their individual antioxidant activity could playa crucial role in the total antioxidant activity of cereal grains.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.1609-1618
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• 2000

Thin stillage and distillers' grains are byproducts remaining after alcohol distillation from a fermented cereal grain mash. Both byproducts are used as energy and protein sources for ruminants. Due to its liquid nature, more than 50% of thin stillage bypasses the rumen. Thin stillage can be fed alone or in combination with distillers' grains. However, a better utilization by beef cattle is anticipated when thin stillage replaces water as a fluid source. Ruminal undegraded protein content of distillers' grains is greatly affected by type of cereal grain and by drying. Corn distillers' grains have a higher ruminal undegraded protein content than wheat distillers' grains while dried distillers' grains have a higher ruminal undegraded protein content than the wet distillers' grains. Wet and dried distillers' grains can replace up to 50% of corn grain in beef cattle diets without affecting animal performance. The estimated NEg of corn distillers' grains for beef cattle ranges from 100 to 169% of that of corn. In general, wet corn distillers' grains have a higher NEg value than dried corn distillers' grains and the addition of thin stillage improves the NEg of distillers' grains. Improved performance of ruminats fed distillers' byproducts can be attributed to high digestible fiber content, improved rumen environment and a shift in organic matter digestion from the rumen to the small intestine.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.363-367
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• 2006

The nutritional worth of Phalaris minor seeds was assessed in comparison to conventional cereal grains like maize and wheat. P. minor seeds had higher total ash and cell wall constituents as compared to wheat and maize grains. The CP content of P. minor was comparable to wheat grains but higher than maize grains. The in vitro studies revealed that the net gas production and availability of ME from P. minor was comparable to that of maize but the digestibility of nutrients was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of conventional cereal grains. The digestion kinetic parameters for DM and CP revealed that P. minor had the highest (p<0.05) soluble fraction (a) followed by wheat and maize. Reverse trend was observed for insoluble but potentially degradable fraction (b). The effective and true DM and CP degradability was significantly (p<0.05) higher in wheat grains followed by that in P. minor and maize grains. The digestibility of OM and NDF was not affected by replacing cereal grains in concentrate mixture with P. minor seeds up to 75 per cent level. But the availability of ME from concentrate mixtures was comparable to control only up to 50% level of replacement. Replacement of cereal grains with P. minor did not affect the rapidly soluble fraction and insoluble but potentially degradable fraction of concentrate mixture containing P. minor up to 75 per cent, but it was depressed significantly at 100% replacement level. The effective and true degradability of DM of concentrate mixtures containing P. minor from 50 to 100 per cent was comparable to that of conventional concentrate mixture (CCM). The wheat based concentrate mixtures showed higher net gas production (208 vs. 201 ml/g DM/24 h), digestibility of nutrients and ME availability (9.64 vs. 9.54 MJ/kg DM) as compared to maize based concentrate mixture. The wheat based concentrate mixture had significantly (p<0.05) higher rumen undegradable fraction and effective degradability. The data conclusively revealed that conventional cereal grains could be replaced with P.minor seeds up to 75 per cent without affecting the availability of nutrients.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.26-38
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• 2014

잡곡류의 항산화활성을 조사하기 위해 국내산 11종의 잡곡으로부터 80% 에탄올 추출물을 얻어 DPPH- 및 ABTS-라디칼 소거활성을 측정한 결과, 황금찰수수(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench cv. Hwanggeumchalsusu), 찰수수(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench cv. Chalsusu) 및 식용피(Echinochloa esculenta)의 에탄올 추출물이 다른 잡곡류의 에탄올 추출물에 비해 높은 라디칼 소거활성을 나타내었다. 이들 황금찰수수, 찰수수 및 식용피의 에탄올 추출물을 n-hexane, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate 및 n-butanol로 분획하였을 때, 대부분의 라디칼 소거활성은 페놀성 화합물이 주로 함유되어 있는 것으로 나타난 ethyl acetate 분획과 butanol 분획에서 집중적으로 확인되었다. 특히, 황금찰수수의 ethyl acetate 분획과 butanol 분획의 라디칼 소거활성은 천연 항산화제인 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol에 비해 더 높게 나타났다. 황금찰수수, 찰수수 및 식용피 유래의 ethyl acetate 분획과 butanol 분획은 지질 과산화를 저해하는 것으로 ferric thiocyanate (FTC)와 thiobarbituric acid (TBA) 방법에 의해 확인되었다. 황금찰수수, 찰수수 및 식용피 유래의 ethyl acetate 분획의 경우, tertiary-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) 처리에 의해 HL-60 세포에서 유도되는 에폽토시스 현상들 즉, sub-G1 세포 등장, ${\Delta}{\Psi}m$ 소실, caspase-9과 caspase-3의 활성화, 그리고 PARP와 lamin B의 분해 등을 저해하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과들은 황금찰수수, 찰수수 및 식용피가 효율적인 항산화 활성을 지니고 있으며 산화적 손상에 의해 매개되는 에폽토시스를 억제할 수 있음을 보여준다. 아울러 이러한 연구결과들은, 황금찰수수, 찰수수 및 식용피가 산화적 스트레스로부터 세포를 보호하는 항산화 식이소재가 될 수 있음을 시사한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.701-706
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• 2008

The aim of the present study was to determine the apparent and true digestibilities of amino acids of maize, low tannin sorghum, pearl millet and finger millet in adult caecectomized cockerels. Adult cockerels (n = 60), 25-weeks old, were used in this study of which 30 birds were caecectomized as per a standard method. The apparent digestibilities of amino acids of sorghum were not affected by caecectomy, but were higher for maize, finger millet and pearl millet in caecectomized cockerels. Caecectomy had no influence on the true digestibilities of amino acids of maize, but higher digestibilities were observed for most of the amino acids of sorghum and finger millet in caecectomized cockerels. Caecectomy lowered the true digestibility of cystine, threonine and serine of pearl millet. The apparent digestibilities of amino acids of maize, finger millet and pearl millet were underestimated in intact cockerels. The true digestibilities of most of the amino acids of sorghum and finger millet were underestimated, while those of cystine, threonine and serine of pearl millet were overestimated in intact cockerels. The findings suggest that the amino acid digestibility values of cereal grains determined using caecectomized cockerels might be appropriate and reliable for poultry diet formulations. Moreover, the digestibilities of amino acids of finger millet were inferior to other cereal grains, while those of pearl millet were comparable to maize and sorghum.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.369-376
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• 2002

마이크로파 자유공간전송기법을 이용하여 생물자원인 곡류의 유전특성을 비파괴 방법으로 측정하였다. 마이크로파를 송신하고 수신할 수 있는 혼 안테나, 샘플홀더, network analyzer 를 이용하여 9.5 GHz에서의 마이크로파 측정 시스템을 구성하였다. 여러 가지 수분함량에서 산물밀도가 서로 다른 시료를 투과하여 나오는 마이크로파의 감쇠와 위상 변이로부터 유전상수와 유전손실을 측정하였다. 시료의 유전상수와 유전손실은 샘플홀더 내에 충진되는 시료의 수분함량과 산물밀도가 증가함에 따라 증가하였으며 수분함량과 산물밀도의 팝으로 표시되는 수분밀도를 이용할 경우 산물밀도와 시료 품종의 변이를 보정할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.