• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.848-857
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• 2007

Sikhe, a traditional Korean drink, was prepared with Hovenia dulcis extract (HDE), and its quality and storage characteristics were evaluated through sensory and microbial analyses. In the color analysis, the lightness of the Sikhe showed a decreasing tendency according to the addition of HDE, while redness and yellowness increased. The Sikhe prepared with 20% HDE had the highest sugar concentration at 12days of storage ($4^{\circ}C$). Interms of sensory quality, both the 20% and 40% HDE-added Sikhes had the highest overall preference. The microbial cell counts presented no distinct differences early in the storage. period, but the general bacteria counts of the Sikhe made with the increasing concentrations of extracts decreased with a longer storage period. The coliform counts of the Sikhe prepared without HDE (control) was 10.5 CFU/g at 10 days of storage, but the 100% HDE-added Sikhe had a level of 7.9 CFU/g at 16 days of storage. These results indicates that Hovenia dulcis may inhibit normal microbial growth and extend the shelf-life on Sikhe.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.1287-1293
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• 2008

In this study, a blend of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) and ammonia (NH$_3$) was used to achieve high absorption rates for carbon dioxide (CO$_2$) as suggested at several literatures. The absorption rates of aqueous AMP and blended AMP+NH$_3$ solutions with CO$_2$ and nitrogen dioxide (NO$_2$) were measured using a stirred-cell reactor at 303 K. The effect of the added NH$_3$ to enhance absorption characteristics of AMP was studied. The performances were evaluated under various operating conditions. The absorption rates increased following the increase of the concentration of NH$_3$. The absorption rate of NH$_3$ blended into 30 wt.% AMP solution with NO$_2$ at 303 K was 12.6$\sim$32.6% higher than that of aqueous AMP solution without NH3. Also, the addition of 3 wt.% NH$_3$ to 30 wt.% AMP increased 48.2$\sim$41.6% values for the reactions with CO$_2$ and NO$_2$ at 303 K. Therefore, it clearly shows that the reaction rate of AMP with CO$_2$ and NO$_2$ can be increased by the addition of NH$_3$.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.65-75
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• 1996

Sulfate reduction and the precipitation of metal sulfides may have great potential to improve water quality of mine effluents in wetland treatment systems. Laboratory experiments using sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) and limestone to treat effluents from the abandoned Dalsung tungsten-copper mine show that encouraging results, that have been attributed to sulfate reduction. Fe, Al, Cd, Cu and Zn are reduced to below detection limits with $99{\sim}100%$ metal removal rates, Mn is reduced by at least 90% to below 8.0 mg/l, and the pH is raised from 5.12 to 7.60 after 53 days of experiments. In the staged design, laboratory experiments are initiated to determine what would be reasonable substrate materials for remediation of the mine effluents. A substrate mixture containing 70% oak compost and 30% mushroom compost maintains $0.03{\sim}0.04mM$ of lactate, which provides good condition for the SRB granule. A downflow SRB wetland system is proposed as follows : 1) The lower part of the treatment system consists with a 25 cm thick layer of high quality (above 95% of $CaCO_3$) of limestone; 2) The geotextile (geonet) is recommended to be spread on the limestone bed to prevent clogging the limestones with the substrates; 3) The mixture of substrates with 70% oak and 30% spent mushroom composts, and SRB granules overlain on top of the geonet with 25 cm height. The sizes of the passive treatment systems are calculated according to metal loading and permeability criteria : 1) $220m^3$ ($15{\times}15{\times}1m$) for -1 level effluents; 2) $28m^3$ ($5.3{\times}5.3{\times}1m$) for -2 level; and 3) $2700m^3$ ($52{\times}52{\times}1m$) for the -3 level. The -3 level system needs to be broken down into 5 to 15 cells.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.331-336
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• 2000

In order to examine the effect of SO$_2$, which is the major component of acid rain, on the peroxidase activity, rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings were grown on the media containing various concentrations of Na$_2$SO$_3$. Na$_2$SO$_3$ concentrations needed for the 50% inhibition of rice seed germination were determined to be 300$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml at pH 7, 8$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml at pH 5 and 2$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml at pH 3. Notably, about 8 fold and 4 fold increase of the specific activity of the enzyme were observed with the seedlings treated with 8$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml Na$_2$SO$_3$ at pH 5 and 2$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml Na$_2$SO$_3$ at pH 3, respectively. The effects of Cd and Pb on the peroxidase activities and chlorophyll contents were also examined. About 3.9 fold higher peroxidase activities were found at 0.03mM Cd, and the chlorophyll contents were reduced to 63% of the control seedlings. At 0.04mM Pb, 2.5 fold higher enzyme activities were found and the chlorophyll contents were reduced to 72%. Therefore, the increases of rice peroxidase activities might be involved in the defense mechanism of the cell against various environmental stresses such as Na$_2$SO$_3$, Cd and Pb. The effects of Cu and Fe, which are the inducers of oxidative stresses by the generations of reactive oxygen species, on the peroxidase activities were also investigated. About 57% and 65% activity losses were found at 0.5mM CuSO$_4$ and 0.5mM FeSO$_4$, respectively, and radical scavenger ethanol almost completely protected both inactivations. However, dimethyl sulfoxide, mannitol, thiourea and histidine showed different radical scavenging effects one another against Cu and Fe inactivation.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.94-99
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• 1999

Purpose: Radiation-induced chromosomal damage and apoptosis were compared in human lymphocytes. Materials and Methods: Peripheral lymphocytes from 10 normal volunteers (6 males, 4 females, age range $23{\sim}41$ years) were irradiated by gamma rays from a cell irradiator. Doses of irradiation were 0 (control), 0.18, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 25 Gy. Irradiated lymphocytes were examined by metaphase analysis for chromosomal aberrations and by flow cytometry for apoptosis. Results of both studies were compared according to dose. Results: Number of dicentric and ring chromosomes (D+R) was $0.5{\pm}0.53$ at baseline, which was significantly increased after radiation according to the dose. The fraction of cells showing annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate uptake was $0.51{\pm}$0.39%, which increased to $3.58{\pm}1.85%$ by 2 Gy irradiation, and then decreased. The fraction of cells showing propidium iodide (PI) uptake was $0.52{\pm}0.12%$, which significantly increased according to dose (upto $15.64{\pm}5.99%$ by 20 Gy irradiation). D+R and PI uptake were well correlated (r=0.84, p<0.001). Conclusion: Radiation-induced chromosomal aberration was correlated to nuclear uptake of PI, a marker of late apoptosis.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.424-430
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• 2010

Immuno-modulatory activities of peptides from Asterias amurensis were investigated using a nano-encapsulation process. The molecular weights of the peptides in the range of 5-7 kDa were separated using Sephadex G-75 gel filtration. Eighty-five percent of the nano-particles were in the 300 nm range using dynamic light scattering. The cytotoxicity of the A. amurensis nano-particles against CCD-986sk human dermal fibroblast cells was 11.64% after adding 1.0 mg/mL of the samples, which was lower than that from the control (13.28% collagen). The secretion of $NO^-$ from macrophages was estimated as $40\;{\mu}M$ after adding 1.0 mg/mL of gelatin nano-particles, which was higher than the others. Prostaglandin $E_2$ production from UV-induced human skin cells decreased greatly to 860 pg/mL after adding 1.0 mg/mL of the samples. Confocal microscopy revealed that nano-particles effectively penetrated the cells within 1 hour. From these results, we consider that nano-encapsulation of the peptides from A. amurensis can improve their biological functions.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1737-1742
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• 2009

It has been known that Linum usitatissimum and Perilla frutescens are dietary sources of possible chemopreventive compounds such as lignans and $\alpha$-linolenic acid. Here, we investigated and compared the inhibitory effects of methanol extracts from Linum usitatissimum and Perilla frutescens on mutagenicity using the Ames test, and growth of human cancer cells (AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma, HT-29 human colon cancer, Hep 3B hepatocellular carcinoma cells). In the Ames test system using Salmonella typhimurium TA100, aflatoxin $B_1$ ($AFB_1$)-induced mutagenicity was significantly inhibited by treatment with the methanol extract from either Linum usitatissimum or Perilla frutescens (p<0.05) in a dose dependent manner. As for N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguamidine (MNNG)-induced mutagenicity, the methanol extracts (5 mg/assay) from Linum usitatissimum and Perilla frutescens showed 63% and 78% inhibitory rates, respectively, indicating that Perilla frutescens possessed stronger antimutagenic activity than did Linum usitatissimum. Inhibitory effects of methanol extracts from Linum usitatissimum and Perilla frutescens on the growth of human cancer cells (AGS, HT-29 and Hep 3B) appeared to increase dose dependently, and the inhibition was more effective against AGS and HT-29 compared to Hep 3B cells. Our results suggested that the methanol extract from Perilla frutescens showed stronger antimutagenic activity than that from Linum usitatissimumas assayed by the Ames mutagenic test, whereas the methanol extract from Linum usitatissimum was more effective than its counterpart for growth inhibition of human cancer cells. It is concluded that intake of Linum usitatissimum and Perilla frutescens as sources of omega-3 fatty acids will be beneficial for preventing cancer.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.259-265
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• 1993

Between January 1985 and July 1992, 52 patients with locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma were studied retrospectively for the effectiveness of sequential chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The male to female ratio was 3.3:1 with a median age of 41 years. Forty patients had squamous cell carcinoma and the remaining 12 had undifferentiated carcinoma. Seven patients had stage III disease and the remainder had stage IV disease at time of presentation. All patients were treated two courses of chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy. Chemotherapy consisted of either CVB (cisplatin, vincristine and bleomycin) or CF (cisplatin and 5-FU). Total radiation dose to the primary site ranged from 6000 cGy to 7500 cGy. Neck nodes were given booster treatment to maximum of 7000 cGy, depending on the extent of disease. Local control, overall survival and disease-free survival rates were analyzed. The complete response (CR) rate to chemotherapy was $15\%$ and the partial response (PR) rate was $46\%,$ for overall major response rate of $61\%.$ The CR rate was $87\%$ after radiation therapy. Median follow-up time was 51 months. The overall survival and disease-free survival rates at 36 months were $54\%\;and\;49\%,$ respectively. Median time to relapse was 15 months. The patterns of initial relapse in CR patients was as follows: locoregional failure only, 12 patients; distant metastasis only,11: both,2. Cox's multivariate regression model revealed that nodal status was the single most important independant prognostic factor influencing disease-free survival (p=0.001). Comparision of these results with other published reports with radiation therapy alone showed that a high rate of initial response to chemotherapy did not translate into local control or survival. At present time radiation therapy alone remains the standard treatment for locoregional cancer of the nasopharyngeal cancer. More controlled clinical trials must be completed before acceptance of chemotherapy as a part of treatment of advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.321-329
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• 1997

Purpose : It is well known that the risk of lymph nodes metastases to head and neck cancers are influenced by the location and size of the Primary tumor. as well as the degree and types of histological differentiation. However, data on the statistical analyses of lymph node metastases from the head and neck cancers among Korean Population are not available at present. In order to obtain current status of such data, we have analyzed cancer patients at the department of radiation oncology, korea universityhospital for radiation treatment. Materials and Methods : We have evaluated nine-hundred and ninetyseven (997) head and neck cancer Patients who visited to the Department of radiation oncology, between November 1981 to December 1995. After careful physical examinations and CAT scan, Patients were divided into two groups, those with positive lymph node metastases and with negative lymph node metastases. The nodal status were classified according to the TNM system of American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Besults : Four-hundred and sixteen Patients out of the 997 patients were lymph node positive $(42\%)$ and 581 patients were lymph node negative $(58\%)$ when they were first presented at the department of radiation oncelogy. According to the AJCC classification, the distribution of positive lymph node is as follow: Nl:106 $(25.5\%),\;N2a:100\;(24\%),\;N2b:68\;(16.4\%),\;N2c:69\;(16.6\%),\;3:73\;(15\%).$ respectively. The frequency of lymph node metastases according to the primary sites is as follow : larynx 283 $(28.5\%)$, paranasal sinuses: 182 $(18\%),\;oropharynx:144\;(14.5\%)\;nasopharynx:122(12\%),\;oral\;cavity\;92\;(9\%),\;hypopharynx:71\;(7\%),\;falivary\;gland:58\;(6\%)$ unknown primary:31 $(3\%),\;skin:\;14(2\%)$,. The most frequent Primary site for the positive Iymph node metastases was nasopharynx $(71\%)$ followed by hypopharynx $(69\%),\;oropharynx\;(64\%),\;oral\;cavity\;(39\%)$ The most common histologic type was squamous cell carcinoma (652/997: $65.4\%$). followed by malignant lymphoma $(109/997:11\%)$. Conclusion : Statistical results of lymph node metastases from head and neck cancer at our department were very similar to those obtained from other countries. It is concluded that the location of Primary cancer influences sites of metastases on head and neck, and stage of the primary cancer also influences the development of metastatic lesions. Since the present study is limited on the data collected from one institute. further statistical analyses on Korean cancer Patients are warrented.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.487-494
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• 2009

Purpose: Small size of recombinant scFv antibody has many advantages such as rapid blood clearances and improved targeting antibodies to tumor region. On the other hand owing to small size, number of amino group is insufficient in conjugation with chelator and fluorescence labeling. This study is to introduce poly lysine tag to the C-terminal end of scFv lym-1 sequence for fluorescence chelator conjugation. Materials and Methods: Poly lysine scFv lym-1 gene, cloned into pET-22b (+) vector, was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) strain. Antibody purification was performed with Ni-NTA column and then size exclusion column chromatography. Expression and purification levels of poly lysine tagged scFv lym-1 antibody were confirmed by western blot analysis. I-124, I-125, I-131 and Tc-99m were used for radiolabeling of purified poly lysine scFv lym-1. Flow cytometry analysis of FIT( conjugated poly lysine scFv lym-1 was performed for confirmation of immunoreactivity of human Burkitt's lymphoma cells. Results: Poly lysine scFv lym-1 antibody was purified through two steps and identified as molecular weight of 48 KDa. Radiolabeling yields of I-124, I-125, I-131 and Tc-99m into poly lysine scFv lym-1 were >99%, >99%, >95% and >99%, respectively. Flow cytometry analysis of poly lysine scFv and scFv lym-1 was showed similar immunoreactivity to human Burkitt's lymphoma cells. Conclusion: Poly lysine tag was useful for the sufficient number of amino groups to scFv lym-1 antibody for chelator conjugation with minimizing loss of immunoreactivity.