• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.81-87
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• 2010

This study was based on a survey of 100 sows which were raising in Jeonnam province for 11 months, from February to December 2008 in order to evaluate the medicinal herbs supplementation in sows on the effects of mortality in suckling pigs, and milk quality of sows. The medicinal herbs were supplemented in the feed of sows from 1 weeks before the expected date of delivery to 10 days after the delivery. As comparing stillbirth rate, test group was reduced 9.05%, and control group, 17.37%. It was certain that the medicinal herbs was very effective for reducing stillbirth rate. In comparison of mortality rate of suckling pig, test group was decreased by 1.52% as compared with control group. In analysis of milk components of sows, milk fat was 6.04% in test group and 5.22% in control group. Milk protein contents of test group and control group were 18.06% and 18.36%, respectively, showing no significant differences between two groups. Milk sugar contents showed also no difference between two groups. By milk somatic cell counts, test group ($582{\times}10^3$cells/ml) was found decreased number of milk somatic cell as compared with control group ($688{\times}10^3$cells/ml). These results imply that the medicinal herbs supplementation in sow might be effective for preventing stillbirth and mortality in piglets and mastitis in sow.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.1659-1676
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• 2002

Ruminant animals develop a diverse and sophisticated microbial ecosystem for digesting fibrous feedstuffs. Plant cell walls are complex and their structures are not fully understood, but it is generally believed that the chemical properties of some plant cell wall compounds and the cross-linked three-dimensional matrix of polysaccharides, lignin and phenolic compounds limit digestion of cell wall polysaccharides by ruminal microbes. Three adaptive strategies have been identified in the ruminal ecosystem for degrading plant cell walls: production of the full slate of enzymes required to cleave the numerous bonds within cell walls; attachment and colonization of feed particles; and synergetic interactions among ruminal species. Nonetheless, digestion of fibrous feeds remains incomplete, and numerous research attempts have been made to increase this extent of digestion. Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) have been used successfully in monogastric animal production for some time. The possibility of adapting EFE as feed additives for ruminants is under intensive study. To date, animal responses to EFE supplements have varied greatly due to differences in enzyme source, application method, and types of diets and livestock. Currently available information suggests delivery of EFE by applying them to feed offers the best chance to increase ruminal digestion. The general tendency of EFE to increase rate, but not extent, of fibre digestion indicates that the products currently on the market for ruminants may not be introducing novel enzyme activities into the rumen. Recent research suggests that cleavage of esterified linkages (e.g., acetylesterase, ferulic acid esterase) within the plant cell wall matrix may be the key to increasing the extent of cell wall digestion in the rumen. Thus, a crucial ingredient in an effective enzyme additive for ruminants may be an as yet undetermined esterase that may not be included, quantified or listed in the majority of available enzyme preparations. Identifying these pivotal enzyme(s) and using biotechnology to enhance their production is necessary for long term improvements in feed digestion using EFE. Pretreating fibrous feeds with alkali in addition to EFE also shows promise for improving the efficacy of enzyme supplements.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.375-380
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• 1995

The lymphangioleiomyomatosis(LAM) is a rare disorder, which afflicts mainly young woman of childbearing age, characterized by proliferation of immature smooth muscle cell in the lymphatics. We experienced a case of LAM in 26-years-old pregnant woman, confirmed pathologically by inguinal lymph node biopsy. She has suffered from exertonal dyspnea and dry coughing. The symptoms and chest X-ray were aggravated with pregnancy, but improved after delivery with two times of pregnancy. The chest X-ray showed diffuse reticulonodular infiltration and chest HRCT showed diffuse scattered tiny thin-walled cyst of lung parenchyma. We noted chylous ascites of which triglyceride level is 396 mg/dl. After delivery, the symptoms were getting better. We treated with medroxyprogesterone and planned close observation and follow-up.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.250-261
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• 2010

The expression of vaccine antigens in transgenic plants has the potential to provide a convenient, stable, safe approach for oral vaccination alternative to traditional parenteral vaccines. Over the past two decades, many different vaccine antigens expressed via the plant nuclear genome have elicited appropriate immunoglobulin responses and have conferred protection upon oral delivery. Up to date, efforts to produce antigen proteins in plants have focused on potato, tobacco, tomato, banana, and seed (maize, rice, soybean, etc). The choice of promoters affects transgene transcription, resulting in changes not only in concentration, but also in the stage tissue and cell specificity of its expression. Inclusion of mucosal adjuvants during immunization with the vaccine antigen has been an important step towards the success of plant-derived vaccines. In animal and Phase I clinical trials several plant-derived vaccine antigens have been found to be safe and induce sufficiently high immune response. Future areas of research should further characterize the induction of the mucosal immune response and appropriate dosage for delivery system of animal and human vaccines. This article reviews the current status of development in the area of the use of plant for the development of oral vaccines.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.9-13
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• 2006

Recent advances in energetic materials modeling and high-resolution hydrocode simulation enable enhanced computational analysis of bio-medical treatments that utilize high-pressure shock waves. Of particular interest is in designing devices that use such technology in medical treatments. For example, the generated micro shock waves with peak pressure on orders of 10 GPa can be used for treatments such as kidney stone removal, transdermal micro-particle delivery, and cancer cell removal. In this work, we present a new computational methodology for applying the high explosive dynamics to bio-medical treatments by making use of high pressure shock physics and multi-material wave interactions. The preliminary calculations conducted by the in-house code, GIBBS2D, captures various features that are observed from the actual experiments under the similar test conditions. We expect to gain novel insights in applying explosive shock wave physics to the bio-medical science involving drug injection. Our forthcoming papers will illustrate the quantitative comparison of the modeled results against the experimental data.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.381-386
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• 2011

Multi-drug resistance (MDR) has been known as a major hurdle in cancer chemotherapy. One of the most clinically significant causes of MDR was the efflux of anticancer agents mediated by p-glycoprotein (p-gp) over-expressed in MDR cancer cells. To overcome MDR, there have been several strategies such as co-administration with p-gp inhibitors and encapsulation of anticancer drugs into drug delivery systems. In the present study, curcumin was evaluated for its potential as p-gp inhibitor and MDR reversal activity when combined with paclitaxel incorporated into lipid nanoparticles (PTX/LN). Western blot assay showed curcumin did not modulate the level of p-gp expression in MCF-7/ADR which is a MDR variant of human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7, and over-expresses p-gp. However, curcumin inhibited p-gp-mediated efflux of calcein in a dose-dependent manner even though it showed lower activity compared to verapamil, a well-known p-gp inhibitor. Incorporation of paclitaxel into lipid nanoparticles partially recovered the anticancer activity of paclitaxel in MCF-7/ADR. The combined use of curcumin and PTX/LN exhibited further full reversal of MDR, suggesting susceptibility of PTX/LN to the efflux system. In conclusion, combined approach of using p-gp inhibitors and incorporation of the anticancer agents into nano-delivery systems would be an efficient strategy to overcome MDR.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.337-345
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• 2011

The objective of this work is to investigate the effect of chemical enhancer and current on the flux of donepezil hydrochloride (DH) through skin. Ethanol and N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) were used as chemical enhancers in combination with iontophoresis. We also have studied the effect of pH on flux and evaluated the role of electroosmosis. In vitro flux study was performed at $33^{\circ}C$, using side-by-side diffusion cell and full thickness hairless mouse skin. Passive flux of DH without enhancer was very small. As the concentration of enhancer increased, passive flux increased. After current application, flux increased markedly and the time to reach maximum decreased. Without enhancer, maximum flux was about 50 fold larger than that obtained without current. These results indicate that electromigration is playing a major role for the transport. As the enhancer concentration increased, flux also increased. NMP and ethanol increased not only the passive delivery, but also the iontophoretic delivery. Flux results indicate that ethanol has better ability than NMP in enhancing the transport of DH. The magnitudes of increase in flux by these enhancers indicate that there is a large synergistic effect in flux enhancement. Flux results from pH study showed that electroosmotic flow is reversed at low pH and the flux is hindered. These results provided some information on the flux enhancing ability of ethanol and NMP in combination with iontophoresis. The data also provided some mechanistic insights into the role of electromigration and electroosmosis on flux through skin.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.111-115
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• 2011

pH-sensitive cross-linked polymeric micelles were synthesized by using block ionomer complexes of poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(methacrylic acid) (PEO-b-PMA) with calcium ions as micellar templates. An anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX) was conjugated on the cross-linked ionic cores of micelles via acid-labile hydrozone bonds. The resulting DOX-conjugated, pH-sensitive micelles are stable at physiological conditions, whereas the release of DOX was significantly increased at the acidic pH. Such micelles were internalized to lysosomes, and acidic pH in lysosomes triggers the release of DOX upon internalization in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The released DOX entered the cell nucleus and eventually killed cancer cells. Therefore, these data demonstrate that the pH-sensitive micelles could be a promising nanocarrier for delivery of anticancer drug, DOX.

• BMB Reports
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• v.53 no.8
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• pp.442-447
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• 2020

The non-viral delivery of genes into macrophages, known as hard-to-transfect cells, is a challenge. In this study, the microporation of a CpG-free and small plasmid (pCGfd-GFP) showed high transfection efficiency, sustainable transgene expression, and good cell viability in the transfections of Raw 264.7 and primary bone marrow-derived macrophages. The non-viral method using the pCGfd vector encoding anti-EGFR single-chain Fv fused with Fc (scFv-Fc) generated the macrophages secreting anti-EGFR scFv-Fc. These macrophages effectively phagocytized tumor cells expressing EGFR through the antibody-dependent mechanism, as was proved by experiments using EGFR-knockout tumor cells. Finally, peri-tumoral injections of anti-EGFR scFv-Fc-secreting macrophages were shown to inhibit tumor growth in the xenograft mouse model.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.5185-5188
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• 2016

Objective: Targeted-drug-delivery based lipid nanoparticles has emerged as a new and effective approach in cancer chemotherapy. Here, we investigated the ability of folate-modified nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) to enhance letrozol (LTZ) efficacy in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Methods: New formulations were evaluated regarding to particle size and scanning electron microscope (SEM) features. Anti-proliferative effects of LTZ loaded nanoparticles were examined by MTT assay. To understand molecular mechanisms of apoptosis and cell cycle progression, flow cytometric assays were applied. Results: Optimum size of nanoparticles was obtained in mean average of $98{\pm}7nm$ with a poly dispersity index (PDI) of 0.165. The IC50 value was achieved for LTZ was $2.2{\pm}0.2{\mu}M$. Folate-NLC-LTZ increased the percentage of apoptotic cells from 24.6% to 42.2% compared LTZ alone (p<0.05). Furthermore, LTZ loaded folate targeted NLCs caused marked accumulation of cells in the subG1 phase. Conclusion: Taken together, our results concluded that folate targeted LTZ can be considered as potential delivery system which may overcome limitations of clinical application of LTZ and improve drug efficacy in tumor tissue.