• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.150-157
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• 2017

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of moisture contents (40, 50, 60%) and $CO_2$ gas injection (0 and 800 mL/min) on physicochemical properties of extruded soy protein isolate (SPI). The expansion ratio and the specific length increased, but piece density decreased with the increase in $CO_2$ gas injection from 0 to 800 mL/min at both 40 and 50% moisture contents. On the contrary, the expansion ratio and the specific length decreased, but piece density increased with the increase in $CO_2$ gas injection from 0 to 800 mL/min at 60% moisture content. Extruded SPI with $CO_2$ gas injection at 800 mL/min had small cell size and higher amount of cell than extruded SPI without $CO_2$ gas injection. The water holding capacity and nitrogen solubility index increased, and the integrity index and the texture decreased with the increase in $CO_2$ gas injection from 0 to 800 mL/min. In conclusion, extruded SPI with the $CO_2$ gas injection at 800 mL/min showed better expansion properties and cell formation than extruded SPI without the $CO_2$ gas injection.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1078-1083
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• 1996

During the pearling process of hull-less barley, protein, lipid, ash and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) contents decreased, while soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and ${\beta}-glucan$ contents slightly increased. Depending on milling methods and types of grinding mills used, there were differences in particle size distribution of barley flour. Flour particle size was smaller in the following order of Fitz mill, Ball mill, Pin mill, Cyclotec sample mill and Jet mill. Color (brightness) was closely related to the particle size of barley flour. Damaged starch (%) in pearled barley flour was the highest in Jet mill among different mills. Flours prepared with Cyclone mill and Pin mill had a reasonable amount of damaged starch. Flour produced by Fitz mill showed the lowest amount of damaged starch. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the flour samples demonstrated different sizes and shapes of particles consisting of starch granules and cell wall materials. Damaged starch tended to increase water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), and water retention capacity (WRC). Pasting viscosity determined by amylograph was relatively high in Pin-milled and Cyclone-milled flours. Viscosity was the lowest in coarsely ground flour by Fits mill.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.222-230
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• 2018

This study aimed to determine effects of light-emitting diodes on plant growth, leaf morphology and cell elongation of two cultivars ('World-star' and 'Sushiro') of Spinacia oleracea. Plants were grown in a NFT system for 25 days after transplanting (DAT) under the LEDs [White (W), Red and Blue (RB, ratio 2:1), Blue (B), Red (R) LED] under the same light intensity and photoperiod ($130{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, 12 hours). The 'World-star' variety was significantly higher in shoot fresh and dry weights, leaf number, and leaf area than the 'Sushiro' variety. For the 'World-star' variety, the two treatments of mixed light (RB) and red light (R) showed a 35% higher shoot dry weight than that of blue light (B) and white light (W) at 25 DAT. In the 'Sushiro' variety, mixed light (RB) treatment, which had the highest shoot fresh and dry weights, showed 40% higher than the white light (W) treatment, which had the lowest shoot fresh and dry weights. Both varieties showed leaf epinasty symptom at 21 DAT only in both mixed light (RB) and red light (R), and red light (R) treatment showed significantly higher symptom than mixed light (RB), indicating the leaf epinasty is associated with red light. Microscopic observations of the cell size in the leaf center and edge parts showed that the cell density of leaf edge under the red light (R) was lower than that in leaf center, supporting previous reports that suggest an association of the cell size difference between the leaf center and edge with the leaf epinasty occurrence. Since the blue light (B) plays a role in alleviating the epinasty symptom caused by the red light (R), it seems necessary to identify the appropriate mixing ratio of the two light sources. In addition, the World-star variety seems to be more suitable for the cultivation of plant factory using LED light sources.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2005

This study focused on spawning season, induce spawning, spawning and larval development of the Jicon scallop in Daehuksan Island of southwestern waters in Korea. The condition index and gonadosomatic index were used to investigate the reproductive pattern of the Jicon scallop. The major spawning season was from July to August, showing an unimodal gametogenic cycle per year. Several different tests were carried out to induce spawning of the mature male and female C. farreri. For females, the injection of serotonin, temperature induction technique and the combination of the both treatments produced significantly faster gamete release. Unlike females, males spawned only in response to the UV rays irradiation stimulation. Mean size of fertilized eggs was 69.5 $\mu$m in diameter. After fertilization, the zygote could be divided into 2 cells as early as 2 hours. It took about 8 hours to develop the 8-cell stage, about 20 hours to hatch trochophore larvae, and about 40 hours to be D-shaped larvae.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1303-1308
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• 2000

Objectives : It has been known that vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), as an endothelial cell-specific mitogen, induces angiogenesis, and possesses vascular permeability and procoagulant properties. Peritumoral brain edema(PTBE) is a common accompaniment of malignant gliomas. It results from microvascular extravasation of plasma and proteins through the interendothelial spaces. The correlation between pathological grading, PTBE, neovascularization, and the expression of VEGF were analyzed in 31 patients with astrocytic tumors. Methods : Astrocytic tumor samples(8 astrocytomas, 14 anaplastic astrocytomas, and 9 glioblastomas) from 31 patients( 21 males and 10 females : average age $37{\pm}24$ years) who underwent surgery were examined retrospectively for the expression of VEGF and CD31(microvasculature) immunohistochemically. The extent of PTBE was examined by using preoperative CT or MRI as an edema index(EI). In addition to VEGF and CD31, several causative factors including tumor size, histologic type were compared with EI. Results : Only one of 8 astrocytomas, and majority of high grade(21 of 23 anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas) tumors demonstrated PTBE(p<0.05). The majority of high grade tumors showed higher expression of VEGF (p<0.01). High grade tumors showed even higher CD31 expression(p<0.05), however, there was no close correlation between expression of VEGF and CD31. The EI was increased significantly, just as VEGF(p<0.01), but CD31 expression was not correlated with high EI. Conclusion : These data suggest that VEGF expression is closely correlated with PTBE and histological grading in astrocytic tumors. Microvasculature(CD31) in tumors is highly correlated with histological grading, however, shows no correlation with the expression of VEGF and PTBE.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.780-787
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• 1989

The texturization properties of extrudate from isolated soybean protein and rice flour by extrusion cooking were investigated. The addition of up to 30% rice flur to isolated soy proetin could give more tenderness to the texturized extrudate. As the rice flour content increased, die temperature, nitrogen solubility index, and integrity index were decreased slightly with lower chewiness and gumminess. The water content of final extrudate was increased as the addition of rice flour increased, while density was maintained without variation, and rehydration ratio was decreased. The distribution of pressure profile during extrusion were in the range of $15-100kg/cm^3$. As the addition of rice flour increased, scanning electron micrographs demonstrated the gelatinized surface structure of rice starch and the increased air cell size of the testurized extrudate.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 1989

In order to study the follicular atretic mechanism in mammalian ovary, the relationship between pyknotic index (PI) of granulosa cells and the steroid concentrations in the follicular fluid of atretic follicle was investigated. Follicles were isolated from porcine ovary according to their sizes and the reproductive phases. Steroid concentrations were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. As PI increased, the concentration of progesterone was significantly increased(p<0.05), whereas testosterone and estradiol showed no significant changes in their concentration. As follicular size was increased, PI of follicular GC in the luteal phase was increased significantly(p<0.05) and the molar ratio of progesterone to testosterone was increased in the follicles of follicular phase. It can be concluded that progesterone accumulated in the follicular fluid as atresia of the follicles was progressed, and that PI of granulosa cells could be used as one of convenient and pratical criteria for the identification of follicular atresia.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2008

This paper presents a new digit level LSB-first multiplier for computing a modular multiplication and a modular squaring simultaneously over finite field GF($2^m$). To derive $L{\times}L$ digit level architecture when digit size is set to L, the previous algorithm is used and index transformation and merging the cell of the architecture are proposed. The proposed architecture can be utilized for the basic architecture for the crypto-processor and it is well suited to VLSI implementation because of its simplicity, regularity, and concurrency.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.45-61
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• 2007

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of Carthami Flos herbal-acupuncture (CF-HA) at Joksamni($ST_{36}$) on arthritis in mice induced by Collagen II. Methods : The author performed several experimental items, including arthritis evaluation, change in weight, spleen size and stenosis rate, change in cytokine level, IgG, IgM and anti-collagen II, change of immunocyte count and histological change of the CIA mouse joint. Conclusions are as follows: Results : 1. In the CF-HA, the arthritis index and rate and the incidence of arthritis were decreased as the experiment proceeded. 2. In the CF-HA, spleen swell and stenosis, joint edema and change were decreased. 3. In the CF-HA, the level of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $IFN-{\gamma}$ in blood serum were significantly decreased. 4. In the CF-HA, the level of IgG, IgM and anti-collagen II were decreased. 5. In the CF- HA, $IFN-{\gamma}$, $IFN-{\gamma}/IL-4$, IL-10 of the culture fluid was decreased. 6. In the CF-HA, the cell rate of $CD3e^+$ and $CD45R^+$, $CD4^+$ and $CD8^+$, $CD4^+/CD25^+$ in spleen was similar to the cell rate of the normal group. 7. In the CF-HA, the cell rate of $CD4^+/CD25^+$, $CD45R^+/CD69^+$ in a lymph node was decreased as in the normal group. 8. In the CF-HA, the cell rate of $CD3^+/CD69^+$, $CD11b^+/Gr-1^+$ in joints was decreased as in the normal group. 9. In the CF-HA, the cartilage destruction and the inflammation cell growth in the H&E stain were decreased. The collagen fiber in the M&T stain were less destructed, therefore the result was similar to the normal group. Conclusions : These results suggest that CH-HA at $ST_{36}$ has an effect in controlling immune reaction and suppressing inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis therefore, the continuous flow of the following study is expected.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.127-143
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• 2007

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of Chaenomelis Fructus herbal-acupuncture solution (ChF-HAS) at the Joksamni ($ST_{36}$) on arthritis induced by Collagen II in mice. Methods : The author performed several experimental items. The severity of arthritis, changes of mouse weight, size of the spleen and the degree of stenosis, changes of cytokine level, IgG, IgM and anti-collagen II, changes of immunocyte count, histological changes of the CIA mouse joint were analyzed and the conclusions are as follows. Results: 1. In the ChF-HA, the arthritis index, the incidence of arthritis, the degree of joint edema was significantly decreased. 2. In the ChF-HA, weight, spleen size and stenosis rate was low and maintained as the normal group was. 3. In the ChF-HA, cytokine level, IgG, IgM and anti-collagen II were significantly decreased. 4. In the ChF-HA, on changes of immunocyte count were maintained to the levels of normal group. 5. In histological changes of the CIA mouse joint, the cartilage destruction and synovial cell proliferation were decreased. Conclusions: These results suggest that ChF-HA at the $ST_{36}$ has an important role to control the immune reactions and suppress inflammatory response on the collagen induced rheumatoid arthritis. This study can be a significant supporting evidence that ChF-HA is chosen to be the principal therapy for clinical practice of the rheumatoid arthritis in the future.