• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.115-131
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• 2002

The problem of disjunctive causal factors is generalized as follows. Suppose that there are no factors of the kind considered so far that need to be held fixed in background contexts. Nevertheless, it is still possible that within the background contexts, each disjunct of a disjunctive causal factor X v W confers a different probability on an effect factor in Question. So a problem arises of how we identify a single causally significant probability of the effect factor in the presence of the disjunctive causal factor, assuming that each disjunct of the disjunctive causal factor confers a different probability on the effect factor. In this paper, I first introduce an experiment in which disjunctive causal factors seem to pose a problem for the theory of probabilistic causation. Second, I show how Eells' solution to the problem of disjunctive causal factors meets the problem that arises in the experiment. Third, I examine Hitchcock's arguments against Eells' solution, arguing that Hitchcock misconstrues Eells' solution, and disregards the feature of the theory of probabilistic causation such that a factor is a causal factor for another factor relative to a population P of a population type Q.

• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.265-289
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• 2015

The idea that an effect counterfactually depends on its cause is simple and intuitive. However, this simple idea runs into various difficulties. The active route account, in order to avoid the difficulties, analyzes causation in terms of counterfactual dependence under certain control. In her recent article, Seahwa Kim criticizes Sungsu Kim's earlier attempt to defend the active route account from its counterexamples. Her criticisms are convincing, and defenders of the active route account or counterfactual analysis of causation in general need another defense. In response, a two-step defense is proposed. First, the scope of the active route account is restricted to 'proximate' causal relation. Second, a control over factors that are in proximate causal relation is offered to figure out 'distant' causal relation. The result is that with proper control, an effect indeed counterfactually depends on its cause.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.8 no.1 s.35
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• pp.78-86
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• 2007

Top priority to manage construction projects is given to the planning and scheduling in order to keep the project duration, which is one of the most important factors in construction management. However, recently most of public construction projects especially for civil projects are delays and preventive research, many efforts were made concerning construction delays and preventive management methods. But analysis of delay causation, which is a main key to solve the problems is not done, yet. Therefore, in this research causation delays are analyzed by characteristics of construction projects, which are type of projects, type of contracts, project participants, and general condition. As a result of the analysis, delay causation are proved to be different by characteristics of the projects. The research results will be used for prevention of time extension and dispute resolution.

• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.17-43
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• 2013

Recently Byeong-Uk Yi has attempted to provide a novel solution to the paradox of before-effect by arguing that, upon drawing our attention to the notion of collective causation, we realize that there is a straightforward solution to the paradox. My aim in this paper is to show that Yi's solution fails. To this end, after making explicit two sources of the puzzlement in the paradox of before-effect, I set two requirements one must meet to resolve the paradox. And I argue that Yi's solution cannot meet both requirements at the same time.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.31-41
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• 2011

Since the cases of time extension have continuously transpired in the public construction project, the potential of economical loss and claims is increasing because the concerned parties such as an owner or a contractor have not properly performed their own responsibility for time extension. One of the main reasons is that the present planning and scheduling do not support the method to apportion the proper responsibility to the right party. This problem has repeatedly led to time extension and made it difficult for the concerned parties to perform the responsibility for time extension. In order to overcome this problem, a framework of delay administration is required as the method to apportion the proper responsibility to the right party. To solve this problem, this paper aimed to develop the conceptual model and prototype system as the practical method to administrate delay causation. Furthermore, the verification result for the reliability and applicability throughout the case studies on real construction projects shows that the conceptual model and prototype system developed would help efficiently to administrate the delay causation.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.221-230
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• 2004

The probability of causation(PC) is the measure to ascertain the likelihood that a particular cancer may be attributed to a particular prior exposure to radiation. Since the PC is involved in several uncertainties, it is desirable to use the confidence limit for the PC, not a point estimate for determining whether to award compensation. We developed the program for estimating the PC to Korean radiation workers with cancer, the so-called RHRI-PEPC, which is based on the most reasonable model for radiation cancer risk and recent Korean baseline data. RHRI-PEPC gives us the upper confidence limit for the PC after adjusting several uncertainties and therefore we can assess more reasonably the causality of radiation exposure for cancer occurred in Korean radiation workers.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.125-133
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• 2007

If project time extension were required in the construction projects, either liquidated damages or extension costs should be applied according to causation of the schedule delays. However, in actual cases it is not applied so far according to the contract conditions. The reason why this situation happened Is that function of the present planning and scheduling is not working feasibly. The CPM schedule could not provide a proper solution for apportioning responsibility for the schedule delays. This situation could be considered as breach of contract and will cause potential disputes for schedule delay. Therefore, in this research process based contract administration model for construction delay claim is proposed to prevent schedule delay and solve the claims. The model is based on pro-active management for causation of delay to provide apportionment of responsibility and written evidences.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.60-70
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• 2018

Rapid economic growth brought material affluence and convenience, but it also has caused a negative issue, such as environmental damage. Therefore, this research holds the purpose of grasping structural influencing relationship of environmental awareness of cook, which is taking an important role in food safety among workers in hotel restaurants with eco-friendly attitude and food safety pursuit behavior. To achieve the purpose, collected materials were tested for the fidelity, organic causation and control effect, using Structural Equation Modeling for frequency analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, credibility analysis and hypothesis testing with SPSS (V23.0) and AMOS (V21.0) programs. Environmental awareness of hotel cook has causation with eco-friendly attitude, and the attitude has meaningful causation with food safety pursuit behavior. That is, it proved that cooks are taking care of their job carefully from the pre-cooking stage while most of people ignore the storing stage. The result shows not only hotel's own training session, cook's level of consciousness on the food safety and they are working with high sense of responsibility. The limitation of this research is that it only conducted with cooks of deluxe hotels in Busan, and it could not include various variables about environmental awareness. Therefore, it is expected that the lacking contents to be dealt by a follow-up study.

• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.101-128
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• 2010

In this paper I explore the theory of agent causation proposed by T. O'Connor. According to the theory, we can't explain an agent's control over his intention and action without appealing to 'agent causes events'(shortly, ACEs). But I argue that ACEs can't be a help to an agent's control over his intention and action. For this I show that reason-responsiveness is a necessary condition for an agent's control. In order for ACEs to help in explaining an agent's control, ACEs must be able to satisfy 'reason-responsiveness condition'. But, ACEs fail to satisfy the condition. For this reason, I conclude that ACEs can't be a help to an agent's control over his intention and action.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.603-609
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• 2013

In December 1998, Act on the investigation and inquiry into marine accidents was amended by inserting new Paragraph (2) of Article 4, which states "Where two or more persons are related to the occurrence of a marine accident when the Maritime Safety Tribunal(hereinafter referred to as the "MST") examines the causes of a marine accident as provides for under Paragraph (1), the MST may disclose the extent to which each responsible person is related to the cause of the marine accident". Based on this new Paragraph, the apportionment system of causation ratio in the ship collision was introduced in February 1999. However the apportionment system is adopted 12 years ago, public debate has continued about the positive and negative aspects of the system. Thus some groups advocate the system for the advantages, but other groups argue that this system should be abolished. Therefore, at first, this study analyzes the adopting background and the main reasons of the pros and cons discussion on the apportionment system of causation ratio in the ship collision. Then we conduct a survey analysis to investigate stakeholder's satisfaction of this new system in the ship collision cases. Finally this study suggests the policy proposal to improve the apportionment system of causation ratio in the ship collision.