• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.45-49
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• 1990

${\alpha},{\omega}$-Diols react with secondary amines in the presence of a catalytic amount of ruthenium catalyst at $180^{\circ}C$ to give diamino compounds in good to excellent yields. The yield of diamino compound was affected by the molar ratio of ${\alpha},{\omega}$-diol to secondary amine. The reaction is affected by the nature of the phosphorus ligands employed and the effectiveness of the added ligand is completely different depending on the chain length of the ${\alpha},{\omega}$-diol. The reaction between ethylene glycol and primary amine in the presence of a catalytic amount of ruthenium catalyst gave 1,4-disubstituted piperazine.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.654-658
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• 1994

Rate constants have been measured spectrophotometrically for the nucleophilic substitution reactions of p-and m-nitrophenyl 2-furoates (4 and 5, respectively) with alkali metal ethoxides ($EtO^-M^+$) in absolute ethanol at 25$^{\circ}$C. The reactivity of $EtO^-M^+$ toward 4 is in the order $EtO^-K^+$ > $EtO^-Na^+$> $EtO^-Li^+$ > $EtO^-K^+$+ 18-crown-6 ether. This is further confirmed by an ion pairing treatment method. The present result indicates that (1) ion paired $EtO^-M^+$ is more reactive than dissociated $EtO^-$ ; (2) the alkali metal ions ($K^+,\;Na^+,\;Li^+$) behave as a catalyst; (3) the catalytic effect increases with increasing the size of the metal ion. A similar result has been obtained for the reaction of 5, however, the catalytic effects shown by the metal ions are more significant in the reaction of 5 than in that of 4.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.324-327
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• 1997

Water soluble iridium complex, IrCl(CO)(TPPTS)2·χH2O (1) (TPPTS=m-trisulfonated triphenylphosphine) has been prepared from the reaction of a water soluble complex, IrCl(COD)(TPPTS)2·6H2O (COD=l,5-cyclooctadiene) with CO and unambiguously characterized by electronic absorption, 31P NMR, 13C NMR and IR spectral data. Complex 1 catalyzes the hydration of terminal alkynes to give ketones in aqueous solutions at room temperature. The rate of PhC≡CH hydration dramatically increases with addition of MeOH to the reaction mixture in H2O, which is understood in terms of i) the excellent miscibility between H2O and MeOH and ii) the assumed catalytic hydration pathway involving the initial formation of (alkyne)IrCl(CO)(TPPTS)2.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.12-18
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• 2009

고분자전해질 연료전지용 캐소드 촉매로서 화학환원법을 이용하여 20% Pt/C 제조하고 다양한 온도($300-600^{\circ}C$)열처리하여 산소환원반응을 평가하였다 $300-400^{\circ}C$에서 열처리한 20% Pt/C가 높은 산소환원반응 활성을 나타냈으며, 특히 $300^{\circ}C$에서 열처리한 촉매를 0.6V에서의 정전위를 측정한결과, 열처리하지 않은 촉매에 비해서 산소환원 반응 활성정도가 2배 높게 나타났다. TEM 및 XRD 분석을 이용하여 조사한 결과, 열처리 온도가 높아짐에 따라서 백금 입자 크기가 커지고 결정화도가 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과에서 산소환원반응 활성을 위한 백금의 입자 크기와 결정화도가 $300^{\circ}C$에서 최적화되는 것으로 판단된다.

• Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering
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• 제35권11호
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• pp.2220-2231
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• 2018

Lipase from Candida rugosa was immobilized on $MgO{\cdot}SiO_2$ hybrid grafted with amine, thiol, cyano, phenyl, epoxy and carbonyl groups. The products were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, low-temperature $N_2$ sorption and elemental analysis. Additionally, the degree of coverage of the oxide material surface with different functional groups and the number of surface functional groups were estimated. The Bradford method was used to determine the quantity of immobilized enzyme. The largest quantity of enzyme (25-28 mg/g) was immobilized on the hybrid functionalized with amine and carbonyl groups. On the basis of hydrolysis reaction of p-nitrophenyl palmitate to p-nitrophenol, it was determined how the catalytic activity of the obtained biocatalysts is affected by pH, temperature, storage time, and repeated reaction cycles. The best results for catalytic activity were obtained for the lipase immobilized on $MgO{\cdot}SiO_2$ hybrids with amine and carbonyl groups. The biocatalytic system demonstrated activity above 40% in the pH range 4-10 and in the temperature range $30-70^{\circ}C$. Lipase immobilized on the $MgO{\cdot}SiO_2$ systems with amine and epoxy groups retains, respectively, around 80% and 60% of its initial activity after 30 days of storage, and approximately 60-70% after 10 reaction cycles.

• Composites Research
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.85-89
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• 2019

나노입자에 기반한 화학 촉매 반응 효율성에는 크기, 형태 및 조성이 중요한 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이에 대한 체계적인 비교를 위해 갈바닉 치환 반응을 통해 100 nm 직경의 요철형 표면 구조를 갖는 금, 백금, 팔라듐 나노플레이트에 대한 정량적인 분석 조건 형성이 가능하였으며, 4-나이트로페놀과 4-나이트로아닐린을 대상으로한 촉매 반응 진행을 분광분석법을 통해 확인할 수 있었다. 이로부터 동일 형태 및 형태에서 구성 원소에 따라 확연히 다른 Pd > Au > Pt의 촉매성 환원 반응 효율을 보임을 관찰할 수 있었으며, 기질의 형태에 따라 추가적인 영향을 받음을 관찰 가능하였다.

• 에너지공학
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.58-66
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• 2014

저등급탄인 내몽골 갈탄의 촉매가스화반응을 수행하였다. 가스화반응은 열중량분석기(TGA)에서 반응온도 $600{\sim}900^{\circ}C$ 범위에서 이산화탄소를 반응가스로 하여 실행하였다. 공정설계에 필수적인 반응 인자들을 도출하기 위하여 세가지의 기-고체 반응모델을 사용하였으며 그 모델들이 가스화반응의 거동을 예측하는 능력을 비교하였다. 사용된 모델 중에서 modified volumetric reaction model이 촉매, 비촉매 가스화반응의 거동을 가장 잘 묘사하였다. 이론적 모델인 homogeneous model과 shrinking-core model은 비촉매반응과 $FeSO_4$를 촉매로 한 반응을 비교적 잘 표현하였다. 알칼리금속 촉매를 사용할 경우, 촉매의 활성은 $600^{\circ}C$ 낮은 온도에서 가장 크게 나타났으며 온도가 $700^{\circ}C$로 증가하면 촉매활성이 약 50% 감소하는 것이 관찰되었다. 온도가 더 증가하여 $800^{\circ}C$ 이상에서는 촉매활성은 일정해졌다. 본 연구에서 촉매의 활성 순서는 다음과 같이 얻어졌다: $K_2CO_3$ > $Na_2CO_3$ > $K_2SO_4$ > $FeSO_4$.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2003

In this study, activity changes of $Ni/Ce-ZrO_2$ catalyst for steam reforming reaction in the various steam treatment condition were investigated and BET, XRD and XPS analysis were introduced to characterize the catalyst before and after treatment. Activity test showed that $Ni/Ce-ZrO_2$ catalyst had good activity after reduction in steam reforming reaction but deactivated rapidly after steam treatment at high temperature. Activities of deactivated catalyst by steam was recovered to die previous activity level after reduction using hydrogen rich gas. It was observed that catalytic activity was preserved after repeated steam treatment, too. It showed that change of catalytic activity due to steam treatment is perfectly reversible. From the BET, XRD and XPS analysis, deactivation of $Ni/Ce-ZrO_2$ catalyst was due to the transition from Ni, that is activity site for steam reforming reaction, to $NiAl_2O_4$ in steam treatment at high temperature.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제35권10호
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• pp.3035-3040
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• 2014

A new efficient catalytic method for aza/thia-Michael addition reactions of amines/thiols with higher product yields has been developed. Combining single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) with triethylammonium hydrogen phosphate (TEAP) ionic liquid (IL) can work as a catalyst. We utilized Raman spectroscopy to gain insight into the interactions between IL and SWCNT. The interactions between SWCNT with TEAP were confirmed by the increasing intensity ratios and spectral shift in wavelength of the Raman D and G bands of SWCNT. Further, the morphology of the resulting composite materials of TEAP and SWCNT was determined by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Higher product yield in reduced reaction time is the key advantage of using bucky gel as a catalyst for Michael reaction.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.1521-1524
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• 2013

N-Propylsulfamic acid supported onto magnetic $Fe_3O_4$ nanoparticles (MNPs-PSA) was used as an efficient and magnetically recoverable catalyst for synthesis of 2H-Indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-1,6,11(13H)-trione derivatives from the three-component, one-pot condensation reaction of phthalhydrazide, aromatic aldehydes and cyclic 1,3-diones, in good to excellent yields at $100^{\circ}C$ under solvent-free conditions. The catalyst was easily separated with the assistance of an external magnetic field from the reaction mixture and reused for several consecutive runs without significant loss of its catalytic efficiency. In order to compare, the synthesis of 2H-Indazolo[ 2,1-b]phthalazine-1,6,11(13H)-trione derivatives in the presence of catalytic amount of sulfamic acid (SA) under same reaction condition was also reported.