• 제목/요약/키워드: Caspase-3/7

검색결과 411건 처리시간 0.038초

$CoCl_2$로 유도된 C6 신경교세포의 사멸에 대한 억간산(抑肝散)의 보호 효과 (Protective Effects of Ukgan-san in $CoCl_2$-induced Cell Death of C6 Glial Cells)

  • 조문영;신용진;하예진;우찬;김태정;유주연;최용석;최정훈;신선호
    • 대한한방내과학회지
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    • 제34권2호
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    • pp.178-191
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    • 2013
  • Objectives : In this study, we made an effort to investigate the protective mechanism of Ukgan-san (UGS) extracts on hypoxia-induced C6 glial cell death. Methods : The cell viability was assessed by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MMT) assay and cell morphological changes were analysed with microscope after staining with crystal violet (CV). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation was assessed by flow cytometer after staining with 2'7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA). We also analyzed expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-$1{\alpha}$) and p53, processing of procaspase-3 and procyclic acidic repetitive protein (PARP) by western blot method. Results : We estimated the elevated cell viability by UGS extract on $CoCl_2$-induced C6 glial cells. UGS attenuated $CoCl_2$-induced ROS formation in C6 glial cells and also showed a protective activity compared to antioxidants and exhibited abrogation of LDH-released by $CoCl_2$. UGS suppressed the typical apoptotic cell death markers, caspase-3 and PARP activation. UGS inhibited $CoCl_2$-induced HIF-1${\alpha}$ expression which is known as a major regulator for hypoxia-induced cell death, and suppressed p53 expression. Conclusions : These results suggest that UGS extract contains protective constituents for hypoxia-induced C6 glial cell death.

인테그린 α2와 상피성장인자수용체 차단항체의 저해작용을 통한 구강편평상피암 세포의 선택적 제거 (Induction of Selective Cell Death of Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cells by Integrin α2 Antibody and EGFR Antibody)

  • 최연식;김규천;윤식;황대석;김철훈;전영찬;변준호;신상훈;김욱규
    • Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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    • 제35권3호
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    • pp.143-154
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    • 2013
  • Purpose: This study was to find efficacy of integrin alpha2 (${\alpha}_2$) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as tumor marker of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and clarify the selective cell death effect of anti-integrin ${\alpha}_2$ and anti-EGFR on SCC cells, additionally testify conjugated gold nanoparticles (GNP) with air plasma for selective cell death of oral SCC. Methods: Expression of integrin ${\alpha}_2$, EGFR on human SCC cells (SCC25) were examined by western blot. SCC25 cells were treated with anti-integrin ${\alpha}_2$, anti-EGFR and analysed by Hemacolor staining, immunoflorescence staining, FACS flow cytometry. Conjugated GNP with integrin ${\alpha}_2$, EGFR antibody were treated by air plasma on SCC cells. Results: Integrin ${\alpha}_2$ and EGFR were over-expressed on SCC25 cells than normal lung WI-38 cells. The cell viability rate of SCC25 cells treated with anti-integrin ${\alpha}_2$, anti-EGFR was lower than WI-38 cells. The concentration changes of nucleus, releasing cytochrome c and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria to cytosol were observed. The changes of proteins related with apoptosis were observed. Increase of bax, bcl-xL, activation of caspase-3, -7, -9, and fragmentation of PARP, DFF45 and decrease of lamin A/C in SCC25 cells were observed. In FACS, increase of sub-$G_1$ and S phase was observed. Cell cycle related proteins, Such as cyclin D1, cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) 4, cyclin A, cyclin E, CDK 2, p27 were decreased. After SCC25 cells treated with conjugatged GNP-Integrin ${\alpha}_2$, GNP-EGFR, additionally air plasma, the cell death rate was significantly increased. Conclusion: Integrin ${\alpha}_2$, EGFR were over-expressed in oral SCC cells. Anti-integrin ${\alpha}_2$, anti-EGFR in SCC25 cells induced apoptosis selectively. When GNP-anti integrin ${\alpha}_2$, GNP-anti EGFR were treated with air plasma on SCC25 cells, cancer cells were died more selectively. GNP-anti integrin ${\alpha}_2$, GNP-anti EGFR with air plasma could be treatment choice of oral SCC.

20S-Protopanaxadiol, an aglycosylated ginsenoside metabolite, induces hepatic stellate cell apoptosis through liver kinase B1-AMP-activated protein kinase activation

  • Park, Sang Mi;Jung, Eun Hye;Kim, Jae Kwang;Jegal, Kyung Hwan;Park, Chung A;Cho, Il Je;Kim, Sang Chan
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • 제41권3호
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    • pp.392-402
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    • 2017
  • Background: Previously, we reported that Korean Red Ginseng inhibited liver fibrosis in mice and reduced the expressions of fibrogenic genes in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). The present study was undertaken to identify the major ginsenoside responsible for reducing the numbers of HSCs and the underlying mechanism involved. Methods: Using LX-2 cells (a human immortalized HSC line) and primary activated HSCs, MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) assays were conducted to examine the cytotoxic effects of ginsenosides. $H_2O_2$ productions, glutathione contents, lactate dehydrogenase activities, mitochondrial membrane permeabilities, apoptotic cell subpopulations, caspase-3/-7 activities, transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, and immunoblot analysis were performed to elucidate the molecular mechanism responsible for ginsenoside-mediated cytotoxicity. Involvement of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-related signaling pathway was examined using a chemical inhibitor and small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection. Results and conclusion: Of the 11 ginsenosides tested, 20S-protopanaxadiol (PPD) showed the most potent cytotoxic activity in both LX-2 cells and primary activated HSCs. Oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis induced by 20S-PPD was blocked by N-acetyl-$\text\tiny L$-cysteine pretreatment. In addition, 20S-PPD concentration-dependently increased the phosphorylation of AMPK, and compound C prevented 20S-PPD-induced cytotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, 20S-PPD increased the phosphorylation of liver kinase B1 (LKB1), an upstream kinase of AMPK. Likewise, transfection of LX-2 cells with LKB1 siRNA reduced the cytotoxic effect of 20S-PPD. Thus, 20S-PPD appears to induce HSC apoptosis by activating LKB1-AMPK and to be a therapeutic candidate for the prevention or treatment of liver fibrosis.

Sensitization of the Apoptotic Effect of ${\gamma}$-Irradiation in Genistein-pretreated CaSki Cervical Cancer Cells

  • Shin, Jang-In;Shim, Jung-Hyun;Kim, Ki-Hong;Choi, Hee-Sook;Kim, Jae-Wha;Lee, Hee-Gu;Kim, Bo-Yeon;Park, Sue-Nie;Park, Ok-Jin;Yoon, Do-Young
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • 제18권3호
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    • pp.523-531
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    • 2008
  • Radiotherapy is currently applied in the treatment of human cancers. We studied whether genistein would enhance the radiosensitivity and explored its precise molecular mechanism in cervical cancer cells. After co-treatment with genistein and irradiation, the viability, cell cycle analysis, and apoptosis signaling cascades were elucidated in CaSki cells. The viability was decreased by co-treatment with genistein and irradiation compared with irradiation treatment alone. Treatment with only ${\gamma}$-irradiation led to cell cycle arrest at the $G_1$ phase. On the other hand, co-treatment with genistein and ${\gamma}$-irradiation caused a decrease in the $G_1$ phase and a concomitant increase up to 56% in the number of $G_2$ phase. In addition, co-treatment increased the expression of p53 and p21, and Cdc2-tyr-15-p, supporting the occurrence of $G_2/M$ arrest. In general, apoptosis signaling cascades were activated by the following events: release of cytochrome c, upregulation of Bax, down regulation of Bcl-2, and activation of caspase-3 and -8 in the treatment of genistein and irradiation. Apparently, co-treatment downregulated the transcripts of E6*I, E6*II, and E7. Genistein also stimulated irradiation-induced intracellular reactive oxygene, species (ROS) production, and co-treatment-induced apoptosis was inhibited by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, suggesting that apoptosis has occurred through the increase in ROS by genistein and ${\gamma}$-irradiation in cervical cancer cells. Gamma-irradiation increased cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-2) expression, whereas the combination with genistein and ${\gamma}$-irradiation almost completely prevented irradiation-induced COX-2 expression and $PGE_2$ production. Co-treatment with genistein and ${\gamma}$-irradiation inhibited proliferation through $G_2/M$ arrest and induced apoptosis via ROS modulation in the CaSki cancer cells.

자금정(紫金錠)이 간암세포주 HepG2의 세포고사 및 세포주기에 미치는 영향 (Induction of Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest by Jageum-Jung in HepG2 Hepatoma Cells)

  • 조영기;전지영;신용진;설재균;이재화;원진희;문구
    • 대한한방내과학회지
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    • 제28권4호
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    • pp.694-708
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    • 2007
  • Objectives : Jageum-Jung is used as an anti-cancer agent in oriental medicine, but the mechanism by which it induces cell death in cancer cells is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Jageum-Jung on apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in HepG2 hepatoma cells. Methods : Various cancer cell lines including HepG2, C6 glioma, SH-SY5Y, PANC-1, and MCF-7 cells, were used. Apoptosis was determined by DAPI nuclei staining and flow cytometry in HepG2 cells treated with various concentrations (from 25 to 200 ${\mu}g/ml$) of $H_2O$ extract of Jageum-Jung (JGJ) for 48 hrs. Expression of cell cycle arrest mediators including Rb, p53, p21, cyclin B1, cdk4, and cyclin E proteins were measured by Western blot analysis. To estimate intracellular hydrogen peroxide levels and intracellular nitric oxide levels, HepG2 cells were stained with DCFH-DA dye and DAF dye, subjected on flow cytometric analysis. Results : 1. Jageum-Jung decreased the viability of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. 2. Jageum-Jung induced the catalytic activation of caspase-3 in HepG2 cells. 3. Jageum-Jung increased the intracellular hydrogen peroxide and NO in HepG2 cells. 4. Jageum-Jung increased the expression of Rb, p53 and p21 in HepG2 cells. 5. Jageum-Jung induced the expression of cyclin B1, cdk4, and cyclin E in HepG2 cells. Conclusions : Taken together, we suggest that Jageum-Jung exhibits cytotoxic effects on HepG2 cells, causing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. The results showed that Jageum-Jung may do so by regulating the expression of specific target molecules that promote efficient apoptotic cell death following $G_2$/M phase arrest in a dose-dependent manner.

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DSS로 궤양성 대장염 유발된 동물모델에서 의이아(薏苡芽) 열수 추출물의 개선 효과 (Improvement Effect of Sprout of Coix lacryma-jobi var. mayuen Stapf Water Extract on DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice.)

  • 김민주;신미래;이진아;박순애;박해진;이정훈;노성수
    • 대한본초학회지
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    • 제35권6호
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    • pp.21-28
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    • 2020
  • Objectives : The objective of this study was to investigate the improvement effect of Sprout of Coix lacryma-jobi var. mayuen Stapf water extract (SC) on the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis mice. Methods : The antioxidant activity of SC was measured through total polyphenol and total flavonoid content in vitro. The experiment was conducted with seven-week-old male Balb/c mice. After 1 week adaptation, acute colitis was induced by oral administration of 5% DSS dissolved in drinking water, for 7 days. And normal mice received drinking water without DSS throughout the entire experimental period. For each experiment, the mice were divided into 4 groups and 24 colitis mice were arbitrarily allocated into 3 groups (n = 8/group); Normal group, Control group, SC 100 mg/kg treated group (SCL), SC 200 mg/kg treated group (SCH). Serum and colon tissues were collected after one weeks of drug administration. Results : ROS levels, ONOO- levels, AST, and ALT in serum were decreased in SC treated groups compared to the control group. Western blotting measurements of Nrf2, HO-1, SOD, catalase, GPx-1/2, IL-4, IL-10, and Bcl2 showed that the SC treated groups was increased compared to the Control group. Also, western blot measurements of NF-κBp65, p-IκBα, COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, Bax, and Caspase-3 showed that the SC treated groups was reduced compared to the Control group. Conclusion : Taken together, these results suggest that SC treatment can attenuate the DSS-induced colitis though inhibiting NF-κB pathway and enhancing Nrf2 pathway. Therefore, SC was the potential to be used as a natural therapeutic drug.

Native plants (Phellodendron amurense and Humulus japonicus) extracts act as antioxidants to support developmental competence of bovine blastocysts

  • Do, Geon-Yeop;Kim, Jin-Woo;Park, Hyo-Jin;Yoon, Seung-Bin;Park, Jae-Young;Yang, Seul-Gi;Jung, Bae Dong;Kwon, Yong-Soo;Kang, Man-Jong;Song, Bong-Seok;Kim, Sun-Uk;Chang, Kyu-Tae;Koo, Deog-Bon
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제30권9호
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    • pp.1245-1252
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    • 2017
  • Objective: Phellodendron amurense (P. amurense) and Humulus japonicus (H. japonicus) are closely involved in anti-oxidative response and increasing antioxidant enzymes activities. However, the effects of their extracts on development of preimplantation bovine embryos have not been investigated. Therefore, we investigated the effects of P. amurense and H. japonicus extracts on developmental competence and quality of preimplantation bovine embryos. Methods: After in vitro fertilization, bovine embryos were cultured for 7 days in Charles Rosenkrans amino acid medium supplemented with P. amurense ($0.01{\mu}g/mL$) and H. japonicus ($0.01{\mu}g/mL$). The effect of this supplementation during in vitro culture on development competence and antioxidant was investigated. Results: We observed that the blastocysts rate was significantly increased (p<0.05) in P. amurense ($28.9%{\pm}2.9%$), H. japonicus ($30.9%{\pm}1.5%$), and a mixture of P. amurense and H. japonicus ($34.8%{\pm}2.1%$) treated groups compared with the control group ($25.4%{\pm}1.6%$). We next confirmed that the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were significantly decreased (p<0.01) in P. amurense and/or H. japonicus extract treated groups when compared with the control group. Our results also showed that expression of cleaved caspase-3 and apoptotic cells of blastocysts were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in bovine blastocysts derived from both P. amurense and H. japonicus extract treated embryos. Conclusion: These results suggest that proper treatment with P. amurense and H. japonicus extracts in the development of preimplantation bovine embryos improves the quality of blastocysts, which may be related to the reduction of ROS level and apoptosis.

Genuine traditional Korean medicine, BaekJeol-Tang for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

  • Han, Na-Ra;Sim, Woo-Moon;Sul, Moo-Chang;Kim, Min-Cheol;Lee, Chang-Hee;Kim, Dong-Won;Lee, Se-Hun;Lee, Ho-Cheol;Ryu, Jong-Min;Nam, Bong-Soo;Kim, Jong-Ok;Moon, Seong-Oh;Jang, Hyeon-Lok;Kim, Young-Seok;Lee, Ihn;Yang, Jin-Young;Hwang, Kyu-Sun;Chun, Chang-Sun;Jeong, Hyeon-Seok
    • 셀메드
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    • 제3권2호
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    • pp.18.1-18.7
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    • 2013
  • Inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by immune cell infiltration and cytokine secretion. In particular, mast cells and their cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Korean medicine, BaekJeol-Tang (BT) was designed by traditional Korean medicine theory. We already reported therapeutic effect of BT in rheumatoid arthritis. Here, we report the specific underlying mechanism of BT in activated human mast cells, HMC-1 cells. In addition, we report for the first time that BT significantly inhibited the production and mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines including thymic stromal lymphopoietin, interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ in activated HMC-1 cells. BT also decreased the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$, and caspapase-1. Taken together, these results indicate that BT has potential as a regulator of inflammatory reactions for the treatment of arthritis such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

품종별 청고추의 항산화 효과 및 유방암 세포주에서의 세포 사멸 연구 (Effects of Green Pepper (Capsicum annuum var.) on Antioxidant Activity and Induction of Apoptosis in Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines)

  • 윤효진;이슬;황인경
    • 한국식품과학회지
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    • 제44권6호
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    • pp.750-758
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    • 2012
  • 본 연구에서는 국내외 품종별 green pepper에 있는 총 폴리페놀, 총 플라보노이드를 비롯하여 고추에 주로 함유된 flavonoids인 quercetin, luteolin, apigenin의 양을 측정하고, 이들로 인한 항산화 효과와 더불어 유방암 세포에서의 세포 증식 억제능을 측정하였다. 이에 국내산 green pepper의 flavonoids에 대한 기초 자료를 제공하고, 이들의 항산화 및 유방암을 비롯한 다양한 질병의 예방에 있어 잠재적인 가치를 알아보고자 하였다. 풋고추, 청양고추, 꽈리고추, 오이고추, 할라피뇨 5종의 기능성 성분으로 flavonoids 와 vitamin C 함량을 측정한 결과, 주요 플라보노이드는 luteolin, quercetin, apigenin 이었으며, 대부분의 고추에서 luteolin의 함량이 가장 높고, quercetin, apigenin의 순으로 함유되어 있었다. 5가지 품종의 고추 가운데 꽈리고추에서 luteolin, quercetin, apigenin의 함량이 유의적으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 비타민 C의 함량은 꽈리고추가 가장 높았으며, 청양고추, 할라피뇨, 풋고추, 오이고추의 순으로 나타났다. 5가지 품종의 green pepper에 함유된 총 폴리페놀의 양은 할라피뇨가 가장 높게 측정되었으며 다음으로 꽈리고추가 높은 함량이 측정되었으나, 품종간의 유의적이 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 총 플라보노이드의 함량은 꽈리고추가 유의적으로 가장 높게 측정되었고, 할라피뇨가 가장 적게 측정되었다. Green pepper 추출물의 DPPH, ABTS 자유기 소거 활성능을 측정한 결과, 농도에 따라 통계적으로 유의적인 효과를 보였다. 품종별로 살펴보면, 5가지 품종 중에서 꽈리고추의 소거 활성능이 모든 농도에서 가장 높은 결과를 나타내었다. Green pepper 추출물의 세포 증식 억제 효과를 측정하기 위하여 유방암 세포 MCF-7과 MDA-MB-231 세포를 사용한 결과, 두 세포에서 모두 농도 의존적으로 세포 증식 억제 효과가 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 기능성 성분과 함께 라디칼 소거 활성능이 가장 좋았던 꽈리고추 추출물에서 가장 낮은 IC50 값(MCF-7: $826.07{\mu}g/mL$, MDA-MB-231: $719.58{\mu}g/mL$)을 나타내어 다른 품종에 비해 우수한 증식 억제효과를 보였다. 꽈리고추 추출물을 처리하여 유방암 세포주 MCF-7에서의 apoptosis 유도 단백질을 측정한 결과, Bax, cleaved caspase-3, PARP가 발현되어 꽈리고추 추출물이 apoptosis 형태의 세포 사멸을 유도하는 것을 확인하였다. 이상의 결과들을 종합하여 보면, green pepper에는 luteolin, quercetin, apigenin의 flavonoids를 비롯하여 vitamin C와 같은 기능성 성분과 페놀 화합물이 풍부하게 함유되어 있으며, 항산화 및 항암 효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 특히 꽈리고추는 5가지 품종의 green pepper 가운데 가장 우수한 항산화 및 항암능을 나타내었다. 또한 apoptosis 형태의 세포 사멸을 유도하는 것으로 보아 유방암의 치료 및 예방에 잠재적인 효과를 기대해 볼 수 있을 것이다. 하지만 in vitro 실험의 한계점이 있을 것으로 생각되며, in vivo에 대한 추가적인 연구가 이루어져야 할 것으로 사료된다.

구강 편평세포암종 세포주에서 Cyclosporin A와 Taxol 투여시 PI-3 kinase/Akt1 Pathway에 의한 세포사멸 병용효과 (APOPTOTIC EFFECT IN COMBINATION OF CYCLOSPORIN A AND TAXOL ON ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA CELL LINE THROUGH THE PI-3 KINASE/AKT1 PATHWAY)

  • 김규영;이재훈
    • Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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    • 제33권5호
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    • pp.426-436
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    • 2007
  • Oral cancer take up 2-6% of all carcinomas and squamous cell carcinoma, which is the most common type in oral cancer, has a poor prognosis due to its high metastasis and recurrence rates. In treating oral cancer, chemotherapy to the primary, metastasized and recurrent lesion is a very important and useful treatment, even though its widespread usage is limited due to high general toxicity and local toxicity to other organs. Taxol, a microtubule stabilizing agent, is an anticancer drug that induces cell apoptosis by inhibiting depolymerization of microtubules in between the metaphase and anaphase of the cell mitosis. Recently, its effectiveness and mechanism on various tumor has been reported. However, not much research has been done on the application of Taxol to oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cyclosporin A, which is an immunosuppressant, is being used on cancers and when co-administered with Taxol, effectiveness of Taxol is enhanced by inhibition of Taxol induced multidrug resistance. In this study, Cyclosporin A with different concentration of Taxol was co-administered to HN22, the oral squamous cell carcinomacell line. To observe the cell apoptosis and the mechanisms that take part in this process, mortality evaluation of tumor cell using wortmannin, c-DNA microarray, RT-PCR analysis, cytometry analysis and western blotting were used, and based upon the observation on the effect and mechanism of the agent, the following results were obtained: 1. The HN22 cell line viability was lowest when $100{\mu}M$ of Wortmannin and $5{\mu}g/ml$ of Taxol were co-administered, showing that Taxol participates in P13K-AKT1 pathway. 2. In c-DNA microarray, where $1{\mu}g/ml$ of cyclosporine A and 3mg/ml of Taxol were co-administered, no up regulation of AKT1, PTEN and BAD c-DNA that participate in cell apoptosis was observed. 3. When $1{\mu}g/ml$ of Cyclosporin A was applied alone to HN22 cell line, no difference was found in AKT1, PTEN and BAD mRNA expression. 4. Increased AKT1, mRNA expression was observed when $3{\mu}g/ml$ of Taxol was applied alone to HN22 cell line. 5. When $1{\mu}g/ml$ of Cyclosporin A and Taxol($3{\mu}g/ml\;and\;5{\mu}g/ml$) were co-administered to HN22 cell line, PTEN mRNA expression increased, whereas AKT1 and BAD mRNA decreased. 6. As a result of cytometry analysis, in the group of Cyclosporin A($1{\mu}g/ml$) and Taxol($3{\mu}g/ml$) co-administration, increased Annxin V was observed, which shows that apoptosis occurred by deformation of plasma membrane. However, no significant difference was observed with vary ing concentration. 7. In western blot analysis, no caspase 3 was observed in the group of Cyclosporin A($1{\mu}g/ml$) and Taxol($3{\mu}g/ml$) co-administration. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that synergistic effect can be observed in combination therapy of Taxol and Cyclosporin A on oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line, where decreased activity of the cell line was observed. This resulted in decreased AKT1 and BAD mRNA and increased PTEN mRNA expression and when wortmannin and Taxol were co-administered, the viability decreased which confirms that Taxol decreases the viability of tumor cell line. Hence, when Taxol and cyclosporine A are co-administered, it can be assumed that cell apoptosis occurs through AKt1 pathway.