• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.sup1
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• pp.99-107
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• 2001

Objective : Hydrocephalus and vasospasm are the common complications following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In spite of development of perioperative management and operative technique, hydrocephalus cause neurological deficit and poor prognosis. Usually CSF drainage procedure(external ventricular drainage(EVD) or shunt) is needed in hydrocephalus following SAH. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the need for shunting and the outcome after shunting in hydrocephaus following SAH can be related to the duration, daily and total amount of cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) drainage at EVD. Material and Method : IVH is one of several factors which cause hydrocephalus. In this retrospective study, firstly we investigated the incidence of IVH in total cases and frequency of IVH according to aneurysmal site and then prognosis of IVH following SAH. Among 629 patients with SAH, hydrocephalus was diagnosed by CT scan and symptoms. And then those 102 hydrocephalus following SAH were divided into two groups which were hydrocephalus with IVH group and without IVH group. In these two groups, we investigated and compared the incidence of hydrocephalus in all case, frequency of hydrocephalus according to aneurysmal site, the outcome according to H-H grade on admission and the need rate of shunt, etc. Of those hydrocephalus, 100 EVD procedures were done. The duration, daily and total amount of CSF drainage at EVD were investigated. Fifty cases expired during EVD was excluded. We analyzed whether the need rate of shunt and the final outcome after shunting can be related to IVH, the duration and daily and total amount of CSF drainage. Result : The incidence of hydrocephalus following SAH was 20%(with IVH group ; 64%, without IVH group ; 11%). As H-H grade on admission was better, the outcome of hydrocephalus was also better. The mortality rate of hydrocephalus with IVH was 64% which was higher than 40% that of hydrocephalus without IVH. The need rate of shunt in all cases of hydrocephalus following SAH was 20%, but those with IVH group excluding expired patients before shunt was 40%. This was very similar to 41% of the need rate of shunt in hydrocephalus without IVH. The total amount of CSF drainage was statistically related to the need rate of shunt(total amount : need rate of shunt/<1000cc : 15%, 1000-2000cc : 40%, >2000cc : 50%). The duration and daily amount of CSF drainage were not statistically related to the need rate of shunt, but as daily amount of CSF drainage was more and duration was longer, the need rate of shunt was increased(daily amount : need rate of shunt /<100cc : 16%, 100-200cc : 25%, >200cc : 40%//duration : need rate of shunt/<1week : 8%, 1-2weeks : 30%, >2weeks : 47%), and also the final outcome after shunting was poor. Especially the total amount of CSF drainage was significant related to the final outcome after shunting(total amount : GOS/<1000cc : I&II(3/4), 1000-2000cc : II(2/4), III(2/4), >2000cc : III&IV(6/7)). Conclusion : This study revealed that the incidence and mortality rate of hydrocephalus following SAH were influenced by IVH. So SAH associated IVH has the higher incidence of hydrocephalus and poor outcome. As the CSF drainage amount was more and duration of drainage was longer, the need rate of shunt was increased and the final outcome after shunting was poor. Especially the total amount of CSF drainage were strongly related to the need rate of shunt and the outcome after shunting.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 1977

Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis) is one of main timber species in Korea that could find much plantation and growing stands on all over the country. It is thought to be in meaningful that a guiding diagram for density control of Japanese larch stands is made to estimate easily the density conditions in the quantitaive, ecological and economic viewpoint. Sample plots for this study are selected from the stands that have not been thinned in recent years, and mean height, mean diameter, dominant height, tree numbers per hectare and stem volume of mean tree are calculated from the each sample plots among total 165 plots In this study, especially, the theory of slenderness of mean tree are applied, that have been identified through the results of the spacing trial. Relative growth characteristics of this species are calculated from the general logistic curve and its formula is $Y=ax^b$. Relatwion between the measured items are found out as follows: 1. Relation between the mean height and tree numbers per hectare by slender class is showing the high correlation as table 1 and fig. 2, and between mean diameter and tree numbers per hectare is also high correlation as table 1 and fig 3. 2. The stem volume can be correctly estimated from height in case that slender class may be known, as showing in table 3 and fig. 4. 3. The stem volume can be more correctly estimated from the relation with $D^2H$ as formula, $Log_e\;V=0.9569\;Log_eD^2H-9.8431$, and relation between stem volume of single tree or volume per hectare and tree numbers per hectare are as following formulas: $Log_e$ stem volume=9.5026-1.6800 $Log_e$ tree numbers per hectare $Log_e$ stem volume per hectare=9.4911-0.6784 $Log_e$ tree numbers per hectare. Stem volume of mean tree, tree numbers per hectare and stem volume per hectare correspond to the mean tree height are calculated to slender class as table 5, 6, 7. Through the above steps, the diagram for density control of Japanese larch are produced as fig. 9. It is thought that this diagram could be applied to control the density of Japanese larch stands.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.207-216
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• 2009

Trigeminal neuralgia is defined "a sudden, usually unilateral, severe, brief, stabbing, recurrent pain in the distribution of one or more branches of the fifth cranial nerve". The initial treatment of choice for trigeminal neuralgia is medical therapy. In patients with medically intractable pain or intolerable medication side effects, invasive therapeutic approaches are often necessary. Based on the amount of evidence and estimated efficacy, carbamazepine is the drug of choice in the management of trigeminal neuralgia. In case of insufficient or no response to carbamazepine, second-line drugs can be added. In this study, the author tried to review and analyzed the cases of 90 patients whom had visited for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia at the Department of Oral Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital from 2003 to 2008. The results were as follows: 1. Trigeminal neuralgia was significantly more common with advancing age, and nearly twice as common in women than men (ratio of 2.1:1) 2. The maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve involved most often (51.1%), and the right side of the face is affected more commonly than the left (ratio of 2.9:1). 3. 85(94.4%) patients had experiences visiting medical or dental specialties before being referred to the Department of Oral Medicine. 4. 40(44.4%) patients with trigeminal neuralgia had systemic diseases. 5. Treatment with carbamazepine monotherapy was satisfactory initially in 69(76.7%) the patients, and the mean daily dose of carbamazepine was 402.9mg. On the other hand, 16(17.8%) patients expressed effectiveness after combination therapy of carbamazepine and other drugs. 6. Of the 69 patients who had a good initial response to carbamazepine monotherapy, 18 patients became resistant, so that combination therapy of carbamazepine and other drugs were necessary. 7. 54(60%) patients developed side effects such as dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, blood dyscrasias, skin rash and constipation, and 11 of the patients decided to stop tmedicaion due to side effects.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.97-108
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• 2012

Physical, chemical and biological hazards of strawberry farms at the cultivation stage were analyzed to establish the GAP(Good Agricultural Practice) system. Samples were collected from the plants, cultivation environments(water, soil and air), and personal hygiene (hand, glove, and clothes) of three strawberry farms(A, B, and C) and were tested to analyze physical, chemical (heavy metals and pesticide residues), and biological(sanitary indications and foodborne pathogens) hazards. Physical hazards such as insects and pieces of metal and glass were found in the strawberry farms and can be potential bow for strawberry products. Heavy metal and pesticide residue as chemical hazards were detected at levels lower than the regulation limit. In case of biological hazards, total bacteria and coliform were detected at the levels of 1.6~7.3 and 1.3~5.6 log CFU/g, leaf, mL, hand or $100cm^2$. However, Escherichia coli was not detected in all samples. Bacillus cereus and Staphylococuus aureus were detected at levels of ${\leq}$ 1.1~6.1 log CFU and 4.7~5.4 log CFU/g, mL, hand or $100cm^2$, whereas Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli O157 and Salmonella spp. were not detected in all samples. This study demonstrates that various harzards were in strawberry farms at the growing stage. Therefore proper management such as GAP is needed to prevent the occurrence of food poisoning associated with the hazards revealed in this study.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.141-153
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• 2012

Samples collected from six tomato farms(A, B, C : soil culture, D, E, F : Nutriculture) located in Gyeongsangnam-do were tested for the analyses of biological(sanitary indications, major foodborne pathogens, fungi), chemical(heavy metals, pesticides) and physical hazards. The highest levels of total bacteria(7.5 log CFU/g) and coliforms(5.0 log CFU/g) in soil culture farms were higher than those of nutriculture farms(total bacteria: 2.5 log CFU/mL, coliforms: 0.6 log CFU/mL). In crops and personal hygiene soil culture farms showed a slightly higher contamination levels. From all farms, the levels of fungi in soil farms were higher than those of nutrient solution. In case of major pathogens, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus were detected in all sample with the exception of nutrient solution. Meantime, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, E.coli O157 and Salmonella spp. were not detected. For airborne bacteria, soilculture farms showed less contamination than nutriculture farms. A piece of glass and can was confirmed asphysical hazards. Heavy metal(Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Hg, Zn, Ni and As) and pesticide residues as chemical hazards were detected, but their levels were lower than the regulation limit. These results demonstrate that potential hazards on harvesting stage of tomato fam were exposed. Therefore, proper management is needed to prevent biological hazards due to cross-contamination, while physical and chemical hazards were in appropriate levels based on GAP criteria.

• Review of Culture and Economy
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.141-173
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• 2018

In this article, we explore how artistic fame is formed by analyzing antecedents of fame the extent to which the name of an actor or his/her work is positively known by his/her audiences among Korean handicraft artists. Drawing on prior literature on reputation and fame, we clarify the differences between the concept of reputation and the concept of fame and further distinguish three types of reputation among individual artists, depending on its sources expert reputation, market reputation, and peer reputation. We employ the mixed method in this study, in which we first conducted open-end interviews with three kinds of constituents (i.e., critics, market intermediaries, and artists) and then developed and tested the hypotheses derived from the insights we had obtained from the interviews. We further considered the impact of reputational work, defined as the level of effort devoted and activities performed by an artist him(her)self geared toward promoting his(her) work, on artistic fame. We find that there are large differences in factors associated with artistic fame between non elite and elite Korean handicraft artist groups, where elite status is captured by artists' educational background (i.e., Seoul National University and Hongik University, which are considered elite schools in accordance with prior research). Specifically, findings suggest that among non elite status artists, recognition by experts, or what we call expert reputation, acquired through national awards and invitations from prominent exhibitions as well as artists' own reputational work that incurs high cost, such as self-financed exhibition openings, were shown to be highly significant factors associated with artistic fame, which was measured as the number of media exposures related to her/his art work. By contrast, among elite status artists, peer reputation acquired through an artist's institutional affiliations and relatively low cost artists' own reputational work, such as self listing on a highly publicized magazine, were shown to be significant factors associated with fame. Taken together, this paper contributes to research on cultural industries and markets by highlighting the importance of understanding artistic fame not just as the outcome of her/his talent but as the social product that arises at the intersection of actors (artists) and her/his audiences in the social evaluation process.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.65-79
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• 2019

The study attempted to estimate the optimal facility capacity by combining renewable energy sources that can be connected with gas CHP in industrial complexes. In particular, we reviewed industrial complexes subject to energy use plan from 2013 to 2016. Although the regional designation was excluded, Sejong industrial complex, which has a fuel usage of 38 thousand TOE annually and a high heat density of $92.6Gcal/km^2{\cdot}h$, was selected for research. And we analyzed the optimal operation model of CHP Hybrid System linking fuel cell and photovoltaic power generation using HOMER Pro, a renewable energy hybrid system economic analysis program. In addition, in order to improve the reliability of the research by analyzing not only the heat demand but also the heat demand patterns for the dominant sectors in the thermal energy, the main supply energy source of CHP, the economic benefits were added to compare the relative benefits. As a result, the total indirect heat demand of Sejong industrial complex under construction was 378,282 Gcal per year, of which paper industry accounted for 77.7%, which is 293,754 Gcal per year. For the entire industrial complex indirect heat demand, a single CHP has an optimal capacity of 30,000 kW. In this case, CHP shares 275,707 Gcal and 72.8% of heat production, while peak load boiler PLB shares 103,240 Gcal and 27.2%. In the CHP, fuel cell, and photovoltaic combinations, the optimum capacity is 30,000 kW, 5,000 kW, and 1,980 kW, respectively. At this time, CHP shared 275,940 Gcal, 72.8%, fuel cell 12,390 Gcal, 3.3%, and PLB 90,620 Gcal, 23.9%. The CHP capacity was not reduced because an uneconomical alternative was found that required excessive operation of the PLB for insufficient heat production resulting from the CHP capacity reduction. On the other hand, in terms of indirect heat demand for the paper industry, which is the dominant industry, the optimal capacity of CHP, fuel cell, and photovoltaic combination is 25,000 kW, 5,000 kW, and 2,000 kW. The heat production was analyzed to be CHP 225,053 Gcal, 76.5%, fuel cell 11,215 Gcal, 3.8%, PLB 58,012 Gcal, 19.7%. However, the economic analysis results of the current electricity market and gas market confirm that the return on investment is impossible. However, we confirmed that the CHP Hybrid System, which combines CHP, fuel cell, and solar power, can improve management conditions of about KRW 9.3 billion annually for a single CHP system.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.394-402
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• 2021

The entry of an aging society and the extension of human life expectancy, the increasing interest in women's social advancement and men's appearance, and the natural interest in K-culture through media media, while receiving worldwide attention, Focus on K-Bueaty. Recently, looking at the occupation of the medical tourism field, in the case of aesthetic medicine tourism such as molding and dermatology, it has gained popularity not only in Asia such as China and Japan, but also in North America and Europe. The first external confirmation of human aging is the wrinkles on the skin of the face. Clean, wrinkle-free, elastic and healthy skin is a desire of most people. Skin condition and condition such as focused ultrasonic stimulation (HIFU: High Intensity Focused Utrasound) and low frequency, high frequency (RF: Radio Frequency), galvanic therapy using microcurrent, cryotherapy using rapid cooling, etc. Depending on the method of management, the effect of the treatment differs depending on the output and the stimulation site, etc., even in the treatment of medical equipment and beauty equipment using the same mechanism. In this research, in order to develop invasive high-frequency dermatological devices using a large number of beauty medical devices and microneedles of beauty devices, the international standards IEC 60601-2 (standards for individual medical devices) and MFDS (Ministry of) We designed and developed a high-frequency output device in compliance with the high-frequency stimulation standard announced in the Food and Drug Safety (Ministry of Food and Drug Safety). The circuit design consists of an amplifier (AMP: Amplifier) using Class-A Topology and a power supply device using Half-Bridge Topology. As a result of measuring the developed high-frequency output device, an average efficiency of 63.86% was obtained, and the maximum output was measured at 116.7W and 50.67dBm.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.195-209
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• 2021

According to the 2019-2020 social media usage survey conducted by the Seoul e-commerce center, 5 out of 10 consumers have experienced shopping through social media. The cost of traditional advertising media has been reduced and advertising spending on social media has risen by 74%, indicating that social media is becoming a more important marketing element. While the number of users of social media has increased and corporate marketing activities have increased accordingly, research has been conducted in various aspects of marketing such as user motivation for social media, satisfaction, and purchase intention. There was no subdivided study on the differences in the social media usage frequency of consumers in actual purchasing behavior. This study attempted to identify differences in consumer characteristics by cluster in the agrifood purchase situation by grouping them by type according to the frequency of use of social media for consumers who purchase agri-food online. Product involvement, product need, and online purchase channel Consumer characteristics such as demographic distribution, perceived risk, and eating and lifestyle in each cluster were checked for the three agrifood purchase situations including choice, and types for each cluster were presented. To this end, questionnaire data on the frequency of social media use and online agrifood purchase behavior were collected from 245 consumers, and the validity of the measurement variables was secured through factor analysis and reliability analysis. As a result of cluster analysis according to the frequency of social media use, it was divided into three clusters. The first cluster was a group that mainly used open social media, and the second cluster was a group that used both open and closed social media and online shopping malls; The third cluster was a group with low online media usage overall, and the characteristics of each cluster appeared. Through regression analysis, the effect on product involvement, product need, and purchase channel selection when purchasing agri-food online through each of the three clusters was confirmed through regression analysis. As a result of the regression analysis, the characteristic of cluster 1 in the situation of purchasing agri-food online is a male in his 30s living in a rural area who has no reluctance to purchase agri-food on social media or online shopping malls. The characteristics of cluster 2 are mainly consumers who are interested in purchasing health food, and the consumer characteristics are represented. In the case of cluster 3, when purchasing products online, they purchase after considering quality and price a lot, and the consumer characteristics are represented as people who are more confident in purchasing offline than online. Through this study, it is judged that by identifying the differences in consumer characteristics that appear in the agri-food purchase situation according to the frequency of social media use, it can be helpful in strategic judgments in marketing practice on social media customer targeting and customer segmentation.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.245-253
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• 2021

RC slab bridges account for the largest portion of deteriorated bridges in Korea. However, most RC slabs are not included in the first and second classes of bridges, which are subject to bridge safety management and maintenance. The highest damaged components in highway bridges are the subsidiary facilities including expansion joints and bearings. In particular, leakage through expansion joints causes deterioration and cracks of concrete and exposure of reinforced bars. Therefore, this study analyzed the effect of adhesion damage at expansion joints on the response of the deck in RC slab bridges. When the spacing between the expansion joints at both ends was closely adhered, cracks occurred in the concrete at both ends of the deck due to the resistance rigidity at the expansion joints. Based on the response results, the correlation analysis between displacements in the longitudinal direction of the expansion joint and concrete stress at both ends of the deck for each damage scenario was performed to investigate the effect of the occurrence of damage on the bridge behavior. When expansion joint devices at both sides were damaged, the correlation between displacement and stress showed a low correlation of 0.18 when the vehicles proceeded along all the lanes. Compared with those in the intact state, the deflections of the deck in the damaged case at both sides showed a low correlation of 0.34 to 0.53 while the vehicle passed and 0.17 to 0.43 after the vehicle passed. This means that the occurrence of cracks in the ends of concrete changed the behavior of the deck. Therefore, data-deriven damage detection could be developed to manage the damage to expansion joints that cause damage and deterioration of the deck.