• Structural Monitoring and Maintenance
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.29-42
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• 2022

In mountainous areas of China, concrete poles with connectors are widely employed in power transmission due to its convenience of manufacture and transportation. The bearing capacity of the poles must have degenerated over time, and most of the steel connectors have been corroded. Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) offers a durable, light-weight alternative in strengthening those poles that have served for many years. In this paper, the bearing capacity and failure mechanism of CFRP sheet strengthened existing reinforced concrete poles with corrosion steel connectors were investigated. Four poles were selected to conduct flexural capacity test. Two poles were strengthened by single-layer longitudinal CFRP sheet, one pole was strengthened by double-layer longitudinal CFRP sheets and the last specimen was not strengthened. Results indicate that the failure is mainly bond failure between concrete and the external CFRP sheet, and the specimens fail in a brittle pattern. The cross-sectional strains of specimens approximately follow the plane section assumption in the early stage of loading, but the strain in the tensile zone no longer conforms to this assumption when the load approaches the failure load. Also, bearing capacity and stiffness of the strengthened specimens are much larger than those without CFRP sheet. The bearing capacity, initial stiffness and elastic-plastic stiffness of specimen strengthened by double-layer CFRP are larger than those strengthened by single-layer CFRP. Weighting the cost-effective effect, it is more economical and reasonable to strengthen with single-layer CFRP sheet. The results can provide a reference to the same type of poles for strengthening design.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.635-642
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• 2003

최근들어 노후화된 교량의 증가에 따라 바닥판의 보강효과에 대한 많은 연구가 이루어지고 있으나 대부분의 연구는 실험실 수준에 국한되어 있으며, 구조물의 피로거동은 이동하중이 아닌 고정반복하중에 의한 연구가 집중적으로 시행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이동하중의 영향을 반영하기 위하여 국내에서 실측된 축하중으로 활하중 모델을 제시하였다. 확률론적 해석과 신뢰성 해석을 적용하여 탄소섬유쉬트와 격자형 탄소섬유로 성능향상된 바닥판의 보강효과 및 연장수명을 예측한 결과 성능향상 된 설계 2등급의 교량바닥판은 일반적인 증가 차량하중에 대하여 사용기간동안 충분한 내하력뿐만 아니라 충분한 피로거항성을 갖는 것으로 나타났다.

• 토지주택연구
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.407-413
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• 2011

본 논문에서는 콘크리트 보의 표면에 부착된 CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic) 보강재의 박리 손상 진단을 위한 구조 건전성 모니터링 기법을 소개한다. 이를 위해 압전 능동 센서를 이용한 셀프센싱 회로 기반의 다중 스케일 계측 기법이 적용되었다. 다중 스케일 계측 시스템으로부터 셀프센싱 임피던스 계측을 통한 주파수 영역 구조 응답 및 셀프센싱 유도 초음파 계측을 통한 특정 주파수에서의 구조 응답을 획득할 수 있다. 박리 손상의 정량화를 위하여 임피던스 및 유도 초음파 신호로부터 추출된 손상 특성을 이용하여 2차원 손상 지수를 도출하고 이를 지도학습 기반 확률론적 패턴인식 기법에 적용하였다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.135-144
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• 2007

최근에 노후화된 콘크리트 구조물의 보수 보강 방법으로 FRP를 이용한 보강이 효과적인 것으로 알려지고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 FRP로 보강된 콘크리트 실린더의 거동을 실험적으로 조사하고자 하는 것이다. 실험 변수로는 콘크리트의 압축강도, FRP재료의 종류 및 구속비이다. 본 연구에서 아라미드, 탄소 및 유리섬유로 보강된 콘크리트의 성능을 압축강도 실험을 통한 연구 결과를 보이고 있다. 이를 위해 축방향 하중, 축방향 및 횡방향 변형률을 측정하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 콘크리트의 강도와 횡방향 변형률과 횡방향 구속응력의 비로 정의되는 구속비가 구속 콘크리트의 응력-변형률을 결정하는 주요 인자인 것으로 나타났다. FRP로 더 많은 보강을 한 실험체는 우수한 구속력으로 인한 강도의 증가를 야기하였다. 고강도 콘크리트의 경우 FRP에 의한 보강으로 구속력의 증가이 증가되더라도 실험체의 압축변형률이 감소하여 취성파괴의 경향을 보였다. 구속된 콘크리트의 파괴는 FRP 재료의 극한 변형률 보다 낮은 변형률에서 FRP의 파단으로 시작되어 콘크리트의 파괴에 도달하였다.

• Advanced Composite Materials
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.151-166
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• 2007

High-cycle fatigue characteristics of quasi-isotropic carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminates [-45/0/45/90]s up to $10^8$ cycles were investigated. To assess the fatigue behavior in the high-cycle region, fatigue tests were conducted at a frequency of 100 Hz, since it is difficult to investigate the fatigue characteristics in high-cycle at 5 Hz. Then, the damage behavior of the specimen was observed with a microscope, soft X-ray photography and a 3D ultrasonic inspection system. In this study, to evaluate quantitative characteristics of both transverse crack propagation and delamination growth in the high-cycle region, the energy release rate associated with damage growth in the width direction was calculated. Transverse crack propagation and delamination growth in the width direction were evaluated based on a modified Paris law approach. The results revealed that transverse crack propagation delayed under the test conditions of less than ${\sigma}_{max}/{\sigma}_b$ = 0.3 of the applied stress level.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.123-134
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• 2021

In this paper, the carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) grids embedded in polymer cement mortar (PCM) shotcrete (CFRP-PCM method) was conducted to repair the degraded tunnel linings with a cavity. Subsequently, the reinforcing effect of the CFRP-PCM method under different degrees of lining deterioration was quantitatively evaluated. Finally, the limit state design method of the M-N interaction curve was conducted to determine whether the structure reinforced by the CFRP-PCM method is in a safe state. The main results indicated that when the cavity is at the shoulder, the lining damage rate is more serious. In addition, the remarkably reinforcing effect on the degraded tunnel linings could be achieved by applying a higher grade of CFRP grids, whereas the optimization effect is no longer obvious when the grade of CFRP grids is too high (CR8); Furthermore, it is found that the M-N numerical values of the ten reinforcing designs of the CFRP-PCM method are distributed outside the corresponding M-N theoretical interaction curves, and these designs should be avoided in the corresponding reinforcing engineering.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.189-200
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• 2021

The compressive strength of circular concrete filled steel tubular (C-CFST) stubs strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) is studied theoretically. According to previous experimental results, the failure process and mechanism of circular CFRP-concrete filled steel tubular (C-CFRP-CFST) stubs is analyzed, and the loading process is divided into 3 stages, i.e., elastic stage, elasto-plastic stage and failure stage. Based on continuum mechanics, the theoretical model of C-CFRP-CFST stubs under axial compression is established based on the assumptions that steel tube and concrete are both in three-dimensional stress state and CFRP is in uniaxial tensile stress state. Equations for calculating the yield strength and the ultimate strength of C-CFRP-CFST stubs are deduced. Theoretical predictions from the presented equations are compared with existing experimental results. There are a total of 49 tested specimens, including 15 ones for comparison of yield strength and 44 ones for comparison of ultimate strength. It is found that the predicted results of most specimens are within an error limit of 10%. Finally, simplified equations for calculating both yield strength and ultimate strength of C-CFRP-CFST stubs are proposed.

• Advances in nano research
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.285-295
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• 2022

Creation of plastic deformation under seismic loads, is one of the most serious subjects in RC structures with steel bars which reduces the life threatening risks and increases dissipation of energy. Shape memory alloy (SMA) is one of the best choice for the relocating plastic hinges. In a challenge to study the seismic response of concrete moment resisting frame (MRF), this article investigates numerically a new type of concrete frames with nano fiber reinforced polymer (NFRP) and shape memory alloy (SMA) hinges, simultaneously. The NFRP layer is containing carbon nanofibers with agglomeration based on Mori-Tanaka model. The tangential shear deformation (TASDT) is applied for modelling of the structure and the continuity boundary conditions are used for coupling of the motion equations. In SMA connections between beam and columns, since there is phase transformation, hence, the motion equations of the structure are coupled with kinetic equations of phase transformation. The Hernandez-Lagoudas theory is applied for demonstrating of pseudoelastic characteristics of SMA. The corresponding motion equations are solved by differential cubature (DC) and Newmark methods in order to obtain the peak ground acceleration (PGA) and residual drift ratio for MRF-2%. The main impact of this paper is to present the influences of the volume percent and agglomeration of nanofibers, thickness and length of the concrete frame, SMA material and NFRP layer on the PGA and drift ratio. The numerical results revealed that the with increasing the volume percent of nanofibers, the PGA is enhanced and the residual drift ratio is reduced. It is also worth to mention that PGA of concrete frame with NFRP layer containing 2% nanofibers is approximately equal to the concrete frame with steel bars.

• 항공우주시스템공학회지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.32-40
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 error-outlier 기반의 충격위치탐지 알고리즘과 다중화된 FBG 센서를 이용하여 탄소섬유 강화 플라스틱 복합재 평판 구조물에 대한 충격위치탐지를 수행하였다. 알고리즘의 주요 변수인 오차 임계값(ET)이 0.3 nm, 상수 수준(CL)이 110일 때 최적의 충격위치탐지 결과(최대 오차= 31.82 mm, 평균 오차= 6.31 mm)가 도출되었다. 또한 주어진 최적의 변수 조건에서의 충격위치탐지 과정과 결과를 상세히 분석하였다. 본 연구에서 제시된 다중화된 FBG 센서와 error-outlier 기반의 충격탐지 알고리즘은 복합재 구조물에 대한 충격탐지에 적합한 것으로 판단되며, 향후 다양한 구조 건전성 감시에 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.417-432
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• 2019

This paper presents the results of axial compression testing and numerical modeling on reinforced concrete columns (RCC) with normal concrete (NC) and high-strength concrete (HSC), RCC confined by glass-fiber reinforced plastic pipes (GRP) casing as well as carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), The major parameters evaluated in the experiments were the effects of concrete type, GRP casing and CFRP wrapping, as well as the number of CFRP layers. 12 cylindrical RCC ($150{\times}600mm$) were prepared and divided into two groups, NC and HSC. Each group was divided into two parts; with and without GRP casing. In each part, one column was without CFRP strengthening layer, a column was wrapped with one CFRP layer and another column with two CFRP layers. All columns were tested under concentrated compression load. Numerical modeling was performed using ABAQUS software and the results of which were compared with experimental findings. A good agreement was found between the results. Results indicated that the utilization of CFRP wrapping and GRP casing improved compression capacity and ductility of RCC. The addition of one and two layer-FRP wrapping increased capacity in the NC group to an average of 18.5% and 26.5% and in the HSC group to an average of 10.2% and 24.8%. Meanwhile, the utilization of GRP casing increased the capacity of the columns by 3 times in the NC group and 2.38 times in the HSC group. The results indicated that although both CFRP wrapping and GRP casing increased confinement, the GRP casing gave more increase capacity and ductility of the RCC due to higher confinement. Furthermore, the confinement effect was higher on NC group.