• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.61 no.9
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• pp.1340-1349
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• 2012

Increasing the oxidation of fat through exercise is the recommendable method for weight control. Preceding researches have proposed increase in the usage of fat during exercise in stabilized state and under maximum exertion through aerobic training. However, such researches require additional equipment for gas analysis in order to measure the caloric value or gas exchange of subjects during exercise. Such equipments become highly restrictive for those exercise and cause substantially higher cost. According to this, we have presented the method of estimating the maximal fat oxidation point through changes in LF & HF which reflects changes in heart rate and the autonomic nervous system in order to induce exercise for a less restrictive and efficient fat oxidation than existing methods. We have conducted exercise stress test on subject with similar exercise abilities, and have detected the changes in heart rate and changes in LF & HF by measuring changes in fat oxidation and measuring ECG signals at the same time through a gas analyzer. Changes in heart rate and HRV of the subjects during exercising was detected through only the electrocardiographic signals from exercising and detected the point of maximum fat oxidation that differs from person to person. The experiment was carried out 16 healthy males, and used Modified Bruce Protocol, which is one of the methods of exercise stress test methods that use treadmill. The fat oxidation amount during exercise of all the subjects showed fat oxidation of more than 4Fkcal/min in the exercise intensity from about 5 minutes to 10 minutes. The correlation between the maximal fat oxidation point obtained through gas analysis and the point when 60% starts to be relevant in the range from -0.01 to 0.01 seconds for values of R-R interval from changes in heart rate had correlation coefficients of 0.855 in Kendall's method and in Spearman's rho, it showed significant results of it being p<0.01 with 0.950, respectively. Furthermore, in the changes in LF & HF, we have determined the point where the normalized area value starts to become the same as the maximal fat oxidation point, and the correlation here showed 0.620 in Kendall and 0.780 in Spearma of which both showed significant results as p<0.01.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.42-48
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• 2014

Soot and tar which were derived from combustion or pyrolysis processes in Puverized Coal(PC) furnace or boiler have been significantly dealing in a radiative heat transfer and an additional source of NOx. Furthermore, the increasing for the use of a coal with low caloric value gives rise to a lot of tar-soot yield and LOI in a recycled ash for using cement materials. So, the ash with higher tar-soot yield and LOI can not recycle due to decreased strength of concrete. In this study, tar-soot yields and flame structures were investigated using the LFR for a blending combustion with bituminous coal and sub-bituminous coal. Also, The investigation were conducted as each single coals and blending ratio. The coals are used in a doestic power plant. In the experimental results, sub-bituminous coal with high volatile contents shows longer soot cloud length than bituminous coal, but overall flame length was shorter than bituminous coal. Tar-soot yields of sub-bituminous coal is lower than those of bituminous coal. Combustion characteristics are different between single coal and blended coal. Therefore, finding an optimal coal blending ratio according to coal rank effects on tar-soot yields.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.235-239
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• 2005

The bone mineral density built in adolescence and college term is formed to the highest level between 25 years old and 35 years old and the formed bone mineral density is decreasing in the middle years and senescence. Decrease of the bone mineral density causes Osteopenia and an increase of dangerousness of a bone fracture which become social health problems. This research is to give guidance for the right living style by surveying the relation between the bone mineral density and college students' life. The result is like below. First of all, most objects of the research were insufficient of quantity of motion and the diet they have was consisted of instant food. It was far from the right living habit and exercise and the bone mineral density was also low. Second of all, male students showed more osteopenia than female students in this research and the smokers' bone mineral density was lower than nonsmokers, which proved that smoking in adolescence was related to the bone mineral density. Finally, the opportunistic eating and living style and the excessive diet and unequal caloric intake caused by the notion of preference for a slim person are considered to be the main reasons for the decrease of the bone mineral density.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.141-147
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• 1975

Survial and emergency food packets were developed for use by people isolated in adverse circumstances. These products are made from cereals suchasrice, barley and wheat, and from nutritionally defined products, such as glucose, sodium caseinate, powdered milk, hydrogenated vegetable fat and so on. The caloric distribution of the survial packet was adjusted to 55% carbohydrate, 33% fat, and 12% protein for maximum body water retention. The raw materials were mixed thoroughly and then compressed into bars at 4,000 psi (survial) and at 7,000 psi (emergency). Compressed bars of the emergency packets were coated with edible coatings for protection from insects and microorganisms and prevention of cracking. These products are 4.0-4.4 Cal. per gram and 4.2-4.9 Cal. per cubic centimeter. The texture of the bars makes them convenient to carry and eat.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.349-357
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• 1998

This study was done to investigate the effect of adolescent smoking on dietary intakes and nutritional status of serum lipids and antioxidant vitamins. Subjects were 82 somkers whose average pack-year was 0.73, and 85 nonsmokers of male technical high school students in Seoul. Anthropometric measurement was performed and % body fat was also analyzed by Bioelectrical Impedance Fatness Analyzer(GIF-891). Dietary intakes and habits were examined through questionnaires and nutrient intakes were analyzed by Computer Aided Nutritional (CAN) analysis programs. Serum TG and total cholesterol levels were measured by Spotchem sp-4410 and serum HDL-cholesterol levels were measured by test kit. serum vitamin C level was measured by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method and serum levels of vitamin A and vitamin E were measured by HPLC. All data were statistically analyzed by SAS PC package program. There was a significant difference in body fat percentage and systolic blood pressure while other anthropometric measurements were not different between smokers and monsmokers. Caloric intakes(2335㎉) in adolescent smokers tended to be higher than that of nonsmokers (2,175㎉) but the difference was not statistically significant. Intakes of protein(76.67g) and niacin(16.49㎎) in adolescent male smokers were significantly higher(P<0.05) than those of nonsmokers although other nutrient intakes were not significantly different. Analysis of serum lipids showed that serum HDL-cholesterol level of smokers was significantly different. Analysis of serum lipids showed that serum HDL-cholesterol level of smokers was significantly lower(p<0.05) than that of nonsmokers, whereas other lipid levels were not significantly different. Serum vitamin C level was also significantly lower(p<0.05) in adolescent smokers than in nonsmokers. In addition, serum vitamin E level, which was 7.85㎎/1 in smokers, was lower than that of 9.20㎎/1 in nonsmokers(p<0.05) while serum vitamin A level was not significantly different between the two groups. These results indicate that cigarette smoking in adolescence decreases serum levels of HDL-cholesterol, vitamin C and vitamin E even thoughth their smoking history is very short. (Korean J Community Nutrition 3(3) : 349∼357, 1998)

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2003

This study was designed to assess the nutritional iron status and anemia of middle school girls. Three-hundred-fifty- three female subjects in Ulsan metropolitan city were evaluated using a questionnaire, and hematological indices. The average height and weight of the respondents were 157.19 $\pm$ 5.57 cm and 51.06 $\pm$ 9.42 kg respectively. The average Body Mass Index (BMI, $kg/m^2$) was 20.63 $\pm$ 3.23, which was within the normal range. With regard to clinical symptoms, the greatest number of respondents reported that they experienced 'decreased ability to concentrate'. The total caloric intake of each subject was 1743.28 $\pm$ 343.47 kcal(83.01% of the Korean RDA) and the calcium intake was 634.98 $\pm$ 201.43 mg (79.37% of the Korean RDh) . The mean daily intake of iron was 14.76 : 4.36 mg (92.25% of the Korean RDh) and the heme iron intake was 6.12 $\pm$ 2.30 mg, which was 41.5% of the total iron intake. The average hemoglobin (Hb) concentration of the subjects was 13.24 $\pm$ 1.01 g/dl, and the average hematocrit (Hct) level was 37.79 $\pm$ 4.10%. The transferrin saturation {TS (%)} was 19.41 $\pm$ 9.21%, and the ferritin level was 26.26 $\pm$ 18.60 ng/ml. The iron deficiency anemia among the subjects was estimated at 6.1% by using Hb (< 12 g/ml), 20.5% by using Hct (< 36%), 30.8% by using 75 (< 14%) , and 23.1% by using ferritin (< 12 ng/ml) The total iron binding capacity (TIBC) showed a negative correlation with the Hb, iron, ferritin and 75. With regard to the correlation between blood biochemistry and clinical symptoms related to anemia, the Hb concentration was negatively correlated with 'pale face'(p < 0.05) . In addition, the level of iron was significantly and negatively correlated with 'poor memory' (p<0.01) and the ferritin concentration was negatively correlated with 'no appetite '(p < 0.05) ,'pale face (p < 0.05) . These results suggest that the prevalence of iron deficiency among middle school girls is very high; therefore, guidelines on dietary support and nutritional education to improve their dietary iron status should be provided.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.8-17
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• 1976

This study was carried out to estimate the minimum protein requirement for the Korean college girls, and to see the effect of carbohydrate intake on the minimum protein requirement in the rat. In the first experiment, three students attending Ewha Womans University were given protein free diet for 7 days while caloric intake were adjusted to maintain constant body weight. Endogenous nitrogen excretion was measured to estimate their minimum protein requirement. Second experiment was carried out in 3 parts to find out the effect of carbohydrate intake on the minimum protein requirement using 15 female, 50 days old rats weighing 120g. Inexperiment 2-1, the rats were fed protein free diet for 9 days and endogenous nitrogen excretion was measured to determine the minimum protein requirement of the rats. In experiment 2-2, the minimum casein requirement of the rats needed to maintain nitrogen equilibrium was estimated by the least squares regression method feeding 3 different levels of casein determined from the result of experiment 2-1. Finally, in experiment 2-3, the rats were given the minimum casein requirement for 7 days with 3 different levels of carbohydrate to find out the effect of carbohydrate intake on the nitrogen balance. The results of this study were as follows. Experiment I. Daily endogenous nitrogen losses of 3 college girls were 1.89g in urine, 1.10g in feces and 0.0108g from skin since the total daily endogenous nitrogen loss was 3.0g and the total daily nitrogen intake was 0.52g, the minimum nitrogen requirement of these subjects was about 2.48g/day (15.5g protein/day). Experiment II. Experiment 2-1: daily endogenous nitrogen losses of the rats fed protein free diet were $22.63{\pm}0.48\;mg$ through urine and $13.12{\pm}0.47\;mg$ in feces. The total daily endogenous nitrogen ouput was $35.71{\pm}1.27\;mg$ and the minimum protein requirement of the rats was 225mg/day in this study. Experiment 2-2: the minimum casein requirement needed to maintain the rats in nitrogen equilibrium was determined to be 340mg/day. Experiment 2-3: the rats were given 350mg/day casein with 3 different levels of carbohydrate (12,26 or 46 Cal by sugar-cornstarch mixture). The nitrogen balances were measured to be +0.0021, +0.0073 and +0.0143 respectively and there were significant differences among 3 groups.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.897-902
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the possibility for utilization of waste materials and the characteristics of pork by feeding citrus byproducts. The groups consisted of the pork without citrus byproduct (TB-0) and the pork fed with 6% and 10% citrus byproduct during growing and fattening period (TB-1). The contents of moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, vitamin $B_1$ and $B_2$, total amino acids, and caloric were not significantly different between TB-0 and TB-1 (p>0.05). The contents of cholesterol and the magnesium of TB-1 were lower than those of TB-0. Palmitic acid was the most abundant among saturated fatty acids while oleic acid was the most abundant among unsaturated fatty acids in both groups. In case of sensory score, the color and aroma of raw meat and taste, texture, juiciness and palatability of boiled meat were not influenced by feeding of citrus byproduct. But the flavor preference of boiled meat of TB-1 was higher than that of TB-0.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.12
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• pp.1951-1962
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• 2021

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate single cell protein (SCP), produced from Methylococcus species, as a protein source on the growth performance, carcass traits and gut health of broiler chickens. Methods: Ten iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets containing 0 (Control), 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% SCP replacing either soybean meal (T₁ to T₅) or fish meal (T₆ to T₁₀) were formulated. Each diet prepared for starter (0 to 14 days), grower (15 to 21 days), and finisher (22 to 42 days) phases was offered to four replicates of 10 chicks each (n = 400). Growth performance at different phases and carcass characteristics and intestinal morphology on 42nd day of trial were measured. Results: Body weight gain in groups fed 2.5% and 5% SCP diets were comparable to control during different phases and cumulatively, however lower (p<0.01) in 7.5% and 10% SCP diets. Feed conversion ratio was better (p<0.01) in 2.5% and 5% SCP diets. Dressing percentage, abdominal fat percentage and meat:bone ratio were not affected (p>0.05) by SCP inclusion in the diets. However, breast percentage was higher (p<0.01) in 2.5% and 5% SCP groups and thigh percentage higher in 7.5% and 10% SCP groups. Total microbial count in duodenum, jejunum and ileum were not affected (p>0.05) by SCP inclusion up to 10% in diets. Duodenal villi length and crypt depth were highest (p<0.01) in group fed 5% SCP diets and lowest in group fed 10% SCP diets. Jejunal villi length and crypt depth as well as ileal villi length were lowest (p<0.01) in group fed 10% SCP diets. Body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and gut health were better (p<0.01) in broilers fed fish meal based diets compared to soybean meal based diets. Conclusion: It was concluded that inclusion of SCP up to 5% replacing soybean meal in broiler diets is beneficial in improving growth rate, breast yield and gut health status.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.532-544
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• 2023

Purpose: To identify and evaluate the risk of chemical fire causative substances by using thermal analysis methods (DSC, TGA) for the hazards and physical property changes that occur when newly used biofuels are mixed with existing fuels It is to use it for identification and evaluation of the cause of fire by securing data related to the method and the hazards of the material according to it. Method: The research method used in this experiment is the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC: Difference in heat flux) through quantitative information on the caloric change from the location, shape, number, and area of peaks. flux) was measured, and the weight change caused by decomposition heat at a specific temperature was continuously measured by performing thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA: Thermo- gravimetric Analyzer). Result: First, in the heat flux graph, the boiling point of the material and the intrinsic characteristic value of the material or the energy required for decomposition can be checked. Second, as the content of biodiesel increased, many peaks were identified. Third, it was confirmed through analysis that substances with low expected boiling points were contained. Conclusion: It was shown that the physical risk of the material can be evaluated by using the risk of biodiesel, which is currently used as a new energy source, through various physical and chemical analysis techniques (DSC + TGA).In addition, it is expected that the comparison of differences between test methods and the accumulation and utilization of know-how on experiments in this study will be helpful in future studies on physical properties of hazardous materials and risk assessment of materials.