• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.1215-1225
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• 2014

마그마에 의해 지표부근에서 형성된 화산암은 마그마 내부에 존재하던 휘발성분으로 인하여 기공이 많은 다공상 구조를 나타낸다. 이러한 기공은 다양한 크기와 양으로 분포되어 있으나 기공이 화산암의 역학적 특성에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대한 연구는 매우 미비하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 화산암 기공의 공극률에 따른 역학적 특성을 시험을 통해 확인하였는데, 화산암의 한 종류인 제주도 현무암에 있어 공극률을 두가지 측정방법에 따라 측정하고, 공극률과 일축압축강도, 탄성계수, 인장강도, 탄성파속도와의 관계 및 탄성파 속도와 일축압축강도, 탄성계수와의 관계를 회귀분석에 의해 추정하여 그 관계식을 제시하였다. 그 결과, 공극률 측정방법에 있어서는 공극률이 5%이상인 다공질 현무암의 경우 부력 이용 방법이 캘리퍼 방법보다 정확한 공극률을 예측한다고 판단되며, 공극률이 증가함에 따라 일축압축강도와 탄성계수, 탄성파 속도는 곡선적으로 감소하였고, 탄성파속도가 증가할수록 일축압축강도와 탄성계수는 선형적으로 증가하였다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.41-51
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• 1995

Bone mass accretion during puberty appears to be critical in the development of peak bone mass. Although bone density of females in Korea has been studied, only a few studies have related bone mass with anthropometric patterns or puberty in the pubescent girls. This study was conducted as part of a study of major determinants of bone development during puberty. Subjects were aged 14∼16 yr(mean 14.97), and had no history of disorders or dedication use likely to influence bone or calcium metabolism. Bone mineral density and content were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry using a Lunar DPX+Scanner (Lunar Madison, WI). Also, total body fat, and total lean body mass were assessed using a Lunar DPX dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer, Pubertal status was assessed according to the Marshall and Tanner guidelines. Serum levels of osteocalcin was measured by RIA using a commercial kit assay. Skinfold measurements were taken with a skinfold caliper(Lange Caliper, USA). Data were analyzed using the regression and GLM procedure of the statistical package SAS. The results indicated that the observed means for lumbar spine BMD and femoral BMD correspond to approximately 91% and 96% of the means for young adult females, respec tively. All subjects were menarchal, with the majority being in the middle to end stages of pubertal development. Total body BMD was positively related to fat mass(P<0.001), lean body mass and time since menarche, and negatively related to urine pyridinoline, serum alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin. The data indicate that girls who reported lower age for menarche had significantly higher bone densities than girls who reported higher age for menarche. Attaining peak skeletal bone mass during puberty may reduce the incidence of osteoporosis in later life. this finding suggests that early menarche may augment peak bone mass, influencing the extent of bone loss later in adulthood. The results suggest that good nutrition in childhood appears to be needed not for growth and development, but possibly also to assure an optimal peak of bone mass and thus greater latitude for the maintenance or skeletal integrity in the face of bone losses. Troeps skinfold thickness was a better predictor of total BMD and total BMC than was any other skinfold thickness. The study did not find a relationship between total BMD and body fat %, but total fat was significantly positively related to total BMD(r=0.49) and total BMC(r=0.60). It supports earlier report that there was a significant correlation between TBMD and body weight. Conclusively, total fat, lean body mass and pubertal development could influence BMD in pubescent girls. Clearly, longitudinal studies are required to assess the effect of puberty on peak bone mass, and to define further the potential determinants of peak bone mass.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.905-914
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• 1998

본 연구의 목적은 1) 편측성 순구개열 신생아 환자에 대한 술전 비치조 정형장치(PNAM) 치료를 소개하고, 2) 이 장치의 치조골 정형 효과를 평가하는 것이다. 서울대학교병원 교정과에 내원하여 PNAM장치를 사용하여 치료받은 4명의 편측성 순구개열 환자(남자 3명, 여자 1명, 평균 초진연령 : 23.2일)을 대상으로 하였으며, 치조골에서 대분절과 소분절 파열부간의 평균거리는 8.27mm였고 치조골 정형치료의 평균 기간은 9.7주였다. 초진시 (Ti)와 성공적인 치조골 정형술이 이루어진 시기(T2)에 이들 환자의 인상을 채득하여 모형을 제작한 후, 사진촬영과 digital caliper를 사용하여 7개의 길이항목과 5개의 각도항목을 계측하였다. SPSS win. ver 7.5 프로그램을 사용하여 통계처리하였고, 평균치의 차이를 비교하기 위하여 paired t-test를 사용하였다. 1. 신생아의 치조골 후방부는 치조골 정형술을 시행하는 동안 안정된 구조물이었다. 2. 치조골 정형술에 의하여 대분절의 전방 성장이 억제되었다. 3. 피조골 정형술에 의한 파열부의 폐쇄는 주로 대분절 전방부의 내측과 후방 굴곡 및 소분절 전체의 외측 굴곡에 의한 것이었다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.48-55
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• 2008

Purpose: We measured linear distances, angles and inclinations on the cast models of the noses, and compared these indirect measurements with the direct measurements obtained from the nose in order to validate the accuracy of the indirect anthropometry using the cast model. Methods: Subjects were 50 males and 50 females, medical students in twenties(mean 27.1 years). Cast models were made from the alginate impression material and the plaster. In direct anthropometry, 16 linear, 7 angular, and 2 inclination measurements between 11 landmarks on the nose were obtained using sliding caliper, spreading caliper, and fabric tape measure. At the same time, the same measurements were obtained from the cast models of the same people. Total 25 measurements were compared, and tested by the independent t-test of SPSS. Results: The standard values of Korean nose in twenties were obtained. 24 measurements except the columellar labial angle were not statistically different between the indirect anthropometry and the direct anthropometry. Conclusion: Indirect anthropometry on the cast model of the nose revealed no significant difference from the anthropometric measurement statistically, accounting for 24 in 25 measurements(96%). There are two possible reasons that caused the difference of columellar labial angle between direct and indirect anthropometry. First, the columellar labial angle could be decreased by protrusion of the lips which resulted from contracting mouth in which an drinking straw had been applied on the mouth corner for patients' respiration during making cast model. Second, it is generally known that the columellar labial angle could be measured larger when soft tissues were pressed by protractor in direct anthropometry. Using a drinking straw with greater diameter, and scheming respiration through the nostrils that patients don't feel discomfort, the more accurate data would be obtained from the indirect anthropometry using the cast models of the noses.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.283-292
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• 2002

Mechanical and physical properties of various parts of jujube (Zizyphus jojoba Miller) such as fruits, leaves, secondary branches, and leafy stems were measured and analyzed. The physical dimensions of the fruits were measured using a digital caliper, and the detachment force of the fruit and leafy stems was measured using a force gauge. The physical characteristics of the secondary branches such as the modulus of elasticity and the torsional rigidity were tested using a universal testing machine (UTM). The physical characteristics of leafy stems such as length and weight were also measured using a digital caliper and a digital scale, respectively. The detachment force of leafy stems and the area of the leaf also measured. The terminal velocities of the jujube fruits, leaves, and leafy stems were measured using a custom made terminal velocity experiment system. Diameter of the major and minor axis of the jujube fruit, weight of the fruit, and detachment force of the fruit stem was average of 32.02 mm, 23.92 mm. 10.0 ${\times}$ 10$\^$6/ ㎥, 8.99 g, and 5.43 N. respectively. The detachment forces of the jujube fruits increased and the force-to-weight ratio of the jujube fruits decreased as the weight of the jujube fruits increased. The modulus of elasticity of the secondary branches of the jujube was average of 7.01 ${\times}$ 10$\^$8/ N/㎡ and decreased as diameter of the secondary branches increased. The average torsional rigidity of the secondary jujube branches was 5.2 ${\times}$ 10$\^$-/ N/㎡, and the torsional rigidity decreased as the secondary branch diameter increased. The distribution of the torsional rigidity data associated with the diameter of the branches, however. widely scattered and it was difficult to find any relationship between the diameter of the branches and the torsional rigidity of tile branches. The weight of the leafy stems, number of loaves attached to the leafy stems, diameter of the stem side of the leafy stems, diameter of the leafy stem end was average or 0.7 g, 6.6 ea, 12.2 cm, 4.5 mm, and 2.7 mm, respectively. The major and minor axis of the .jujube loaves, area of leaves, weight of the leaves. and detachment force of the leaves was average of 5.7 cm, 3.3 cm, 12.98 cm$^2$, 0.20 g, and 4.39 N, respectively. The terminal velocity of the .jujube fruits increased as the weight of the fruits increased. The terminal velocity of the leafy stems, however, did not show a relationship with the weight of the leafy stems and the number of leaves attached to the leafy stem. The terminal velocity, however, slightly increased as the length of the leafy stems increased.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.89-99
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• 2008

1. Objectives The objective of this study is to offer some standards for the distinction of Sasang Constitutions through analyzing the characteristics of their body shapes that are classified by BMI. 2. Methods The subject of this study were 1341 female and 927 male patients who aged from 17 to 80 in Seoul, Pusan, Daeku and Jeonju. They were treated with Sasang Constitutional medicine. 8 circumferences, 5 widths, weight, height of their body were measured with measuring tape, large sliding caliper, scale and anthropometer. Collected 15 anthropometric datas were analyzed by Analysis of Contingency table, ANOVA and Duncan test. 3. Results (1) The Body shapes according to obesity grade are classified Underweight type that BMI is less than 18.5, Normal weight type that BMI is $18.5{\sim}23.0$ and Overweight type that BMI is mote than 23.0. (2) Soeumin represents Underweight type and Taeeumin represents Overweight type regardless of gender differences. Soeumin stands for Normal weight type in women and Soyangin stands for Normal weight type in men. (3) In case of Underweight type, 13 measurements are not suitable to estimate Sasang Constitutions regardless of gender differences. (4) In case of Normal weight type, 12 measurements except for W3 in women and W7 in men are suitable to estimate Sasang Constitutions. And there are no gender differences in Soyangin and Soeumin, but there are gender differences in Taeyangin and Taeeumin. (5) In case of Overweight type, 9 measurements except for C2, C5, C6, W7 in women and 12 measurements except for W3 in men are suitable to estimate Sasang Constitutions. And there are no gender differences in 4 Sasang Constitutions. 4. Conclusions From the above results, we have to consider not only gender differences and age groups but also obesity grade when we distinguish Sasang Constitutions.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.43-51
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• 2015

목재 이용의 측면에서 중요한 인자 중 하나인 수축률에 관한 다양한 연구가 수행되고 있다. 버니어 캘리퍼스를 이용하여 치수를 측정할 때, 목재 시편에 작용하는 외력에 의해 왜곡된 치수가 측정될 수 있고, 시편의 양이 많으면 치수측정에 많은 시간이 소요된다. 스캐너를 이용하여 획득한 이미지로 치수를 측정하고, 수축률을 계산하면 외력이 작용하지 않아 치수 측정의 오류를 줄일 수 있고, 한 번의 스캔으로 여러 시편의 이미지를 획득하여 시간을 단축시킬 수 있다는 장점이 있다. 스캔 이미지 상에서 목재 시편과 배경 사이의 경계면을 뚜렷하게 구분할 수 있도록 threshold 방법을 적용하여 치수 측정을 용이하게 하였다. 이미지를 이용하여 측정된 목재 시편의 치수는 버니어 캘리퍼스를 이용하여 측정한 값보다 다소 크게 측정되었으며, 버니어 캘리퍼스보다 높은 정밀도로 수축률을 계산하기 위한 스캔 이미지의 최대 픽셀 길이는 0.053 mm/pixel인 것을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.123-137
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• 2001

6개의 건조두개골상의 중요한 방사선학적 계측점에 금속구를 위치시킨 후 3-D CT와 정모 및 측모 두부 방사선사진을 촬영하고 이를 바탕으로 만든 각각의 3차원 영상과 3차원 두부 방사선사진상의 각 계측점들이 3차원적으로 어느 정도의 정확성을 가지고 재현되는지를 알아보았다. 그리고 두 방법에 있어서의 계측점간의 거리계측을 실계측과 비교분석 함으로써 악안면부에서의 재현성과 정확성을 알아본 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 3-D CT와 3차원 두부 방사선사진상의 계측점들은 반복 계측시 각각 X축 방향으로 0.23 mm와 0.30 mm, Y축 방향으로 0.27 mm와 0.25 mm, 그리고 Z축 방향으로 0.27 mm와 0.31 mm의 표준편차를 보였다. 두 방법에서 모든 계측점이 0.5 mm 이하의 표준편차를 보였으며, 대부분의 계측점이 1 mm 이하의 범위를 보인 바, 두 방법 모두 통일한 건조두개골상의 계측점의 3차원적 위치 편차가 거의 없었다. 모든 계측항목에서 실측치와 3-D CT간의 차이는 평균 0.33 mm였으며, 실측치와 3차원 두부 방사선사진간의 차이는 평균 1.13 mm로 상대적으로 높게 나타났다. 가장 큰 차이를 보인 항목은 RGo과 LGo간으로 2.03 mm의 차이를 보였다. 그러나 두 방법 모두 모든 항목에서 실측치와 통계적으로 매우 높은 상관관계를 보였다(${\gamma}=0.976{\sim}1.000$, p<0.01).

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제30권9호
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• pp.709-717
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• 2021

This study evaluated the growth, physiological responses and productivity based on the intercropping ratio of cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) with basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). on the rooftops to determine out the efficient ratio in urban agriculture. From April to September 2019, an experiment was conducted on the rooftop of Konkuk University Glocal Campus. Cherry tomato and basil were selected as companion plants for eco-friendly urban agriculture on the rooftops. Each plot was created with a width of 100 cm, length of 100 cm, and height of 25 cm. After installing drainage and waterproof layers from bottom to top, substrate was laid out with a height of 20 cm. Intercropping ratio was consisted of a single tomato plant (TC), 2:1 tomato to basil (T₂B₁), 1:1 tomato to basil (T₁B₁), 1:2 tomato to basil 2 (T₁B₂), and a single basil plant (BC), were conducted using a randomized complete plot design with five treatments and three replication (a total 15 plots). Measurements were divided into growth, physiological responses, and productivity parameters, and detailed items were investigated and analyzed by classifying them into plant height, leaf length, leaf width, number of leaves, root length, root collar caliper, chlorophyll contents, fresh weight, dry weight, number of fruit, fruit caliper, fruit weight, and sugar content. Comparative analyses of cherry tomato with basil plants by intercropping ratio, growth, physiological, and productivity responses are determined to be efficient when the ratio of cherry tomato to basil ratio is 2:1 or 1:1.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.153-158
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• 2019

이 연구의 목적은 3D 프린팅 기술로 만든 맞춤형 소지, 본인의 실제 소지 및 보조기 업체 석고 양성 소지를 이용하여 세 종류의 소지의 형상 차이를 CT와 3D 스캐너로 횡단면 넓이와 부피를 분산 분석하였다. PASC Progrm으로 실제 거리를 측정하는 (Caliper Toll) 기능을 이용하여 15.69 mm지점(Distal Interphalangel Joints(DIP))의 넓이를 각각 30회씩 측정하였고, 부피(Volume)에서 Meshmixer Program의 Configure Units을 이용하였다. 세 종류의 소지 횡단면 넓이에서는 유의한 차이를 볼 수가 없었고, 부피(Volume)에서 0.2 mm의 차이가 있었지만, 유의 수준보다 크게 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과는 의료분야에서 3D 프린팅 기술을 활용한 맞춤형 보조기 제작에 활성화될 것으로 보여준다.