• 자원환경지질
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.405-415
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• 2000

This study was carried out to understand the formation of acid mine drainage (AMD) by pyrophyllite (so-called Napseok)-rainwater interaction (weathering), dispersion patterns of heavy metals, and patterns of mixing with non-polluted water in the Tongnae pyrophyllite mine. Based on the mass balance and reaction path modeling, using both the geochemistry of water and occurrence of the secondary minerals (weathering products), the geochemical evolution of AMD was simulated by computer code of SOLVEQ and CHILLER. It shows that the pH of stream water is from 6.2 to 7.3 upstream of the Tongnae mine. Close to the mine, the pH decreases to 2. Despite being diluted with non-polluted tributaries, the acidity of mine drainage water maintains as far as downstream. The results of modeling of water-rock interaction show that the activity of hydrogen ion increases (pH decreases), the goncentration of ${HCO_3}^-$ decreases associated with increasing $H^+$ activity, as the reaction is processing. The concentration of ${SO_4}^{2-}$first increases minutely, but later increases rapidly as pH drops below 4.3. The concentrations of cations and heavy metals are controlled by the dissolution of reactants and re-dissolution of derived species (weathering products) according to the pH. The continuous adding of reactive minerals, namely the progressively larger degrees of water-rock interaction, causes the formation of secondary minerals in the following sequence; goethite, then Mn-oxides, then boehmite, then kaolinite, then Ca-nontronite, then Mgnontronite, and finally chalcedony. The results of reaction path modeling agree well with the field data, and offer useful information on the geochemical evolution of AMD. The results of reaction path modeling on the formation of AMD offer useful information for the estimation and the appraisal of pollution caused by water-rock interaction as geological environments. And also, the ones can be used as data for the choice of appropriate remediation technique for AMD.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.9-14
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• 1981

The influence of laundering conditions on calcium deposition on the fabric was studied by repeated laundering the cotton fabric with soap in the hard water of 200 P.P.M. $CaCO_3$. The experimental variables were: 1) soap concentrations ($0.06\%$, $0.13\%$, $0.25\%$), 2) water contents in the fabric after hydroextraction. ($65\%$, $150\%$, $315\%$), 3) builders (Na-EDTA, sodium carbonate, sodium metasilicate), 4) washing cycle (5, 10, 15, 20 cycles). The fabric was washed for 15 minutes at $23\pm1^{\circ}C$ in a washing machine (Model; Gold Star Wp-2005) under the similar conditions with those of home laundering, and rinsed 5 times for 5 minutes. The amount of calcium deposits on the fabric was determined by the EDTA-Back titration method described by Wasserman and Basch. Results of this study were follows: 1) The amount of calcium deposits on the fabric increased with increasing wash cycles. 2) During the rinsing process, residual calcium content on the fabric increased with water content in the fabric after hydroextraction. 3) The amount of calcium deposits on the fabric decreased with the increasing soap concentration above the equivalent amount of calcium ion content in the water. 4) Sequestering agents and alkaline builders influenced the amount of calcium deposits on the fabric. The amount of calcium deposits on the fabric was in the order of sodium metasilicate, sodium carbonate, nonbuilder, and EDTA.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제31권12호
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• pp.3567-3572
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• 2010

Black pine barks from the southern region of Korea were extracted using pressurized hot water and the water soluble extracts were then separated in a stepwise fashion using a variety of solvents, column chromatography (CC), thin layer chromatography (TLC), and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antioxidant activities of each fraction and the active compounds were determined based on the radical scavenging activities of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), reductive potential of ferric ion, and total phenol contents. A DPPH test showed that the half maximal effective concentration ($EC_{50}$ value : $6.59{\pm}0.31\;{\mu}g/mL$) of the ethyl acetate fraction (ca. 0.67%) was almost the same as that of the control compounds and inversely proportional to the value of the total phenol contents. The cell viability of the water extracts was confirmed by methyl thiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) with enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). Catechin, epicatechin, quercetin and ferulic acid were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction as active compounds and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance. The antioxidant activity as value of DPPH of each of the separated compounds was lower than the ethyl acetate fraction, and ferulic acid was the lowest among these compounds.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.57-63
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• 2018

Objectives: Metabolic syndrome is defined by a cluster of major cardiovascular risk factors: obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and arterial hypertension. Several members of a large family of nonselective cation entry channels, e.g., transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels have been associated with the development of dyslipidemia and hypertension. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Leejung-tang (Lizhong-tang), Rikkunshito, and Bojungikgi-tang (Buzhongyiqi-tang) on TRPV4 channel. Methods: Human embryonic kidney 293 cells stably transfected with the TRPV4 expression vectors were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% penicillin/streptomycin, $5{\mu}g/mL$ blasticidin, and 0.4 mg/mL zeocin in a humidified 20% $O_2/10%$ $CO_2$ atmosphere at $37^{\circ}C$. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings were obtained using an Axopatch 700B amplifier and pClamp v.10.4 software (Molecular Devices, San Jose, CA, USA), and signals were digitalized at 5 kHz using Digidata 1422A. Results: Leejung-tang and Rikkunshito (10, 30 and 50 mg/mL) had no effects on the TRPV4 whole-cell currents at dose dependent manner. However, Bojungikgi-tang (10, 30, and 50 mg/mL) inhibited the TRPV4 whole-cell currents in a dose dependent manner and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Bojungikgi-tang was 18.2 mg/mL. Conclusions: These results suggest that Bojungikgi-tang plays an important roles to inhibit the TRPV4 channel, suggesting that Bojungikgi-tang is considered one of the candidate agents for the treatment of metabolic syndrome such as dyslipidemia and hypertension.

• 한국어업기술학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국어업기술학회 2000년도 춘계수산관련학회 공동학술대회발표요지집
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• pp.530-530
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• 2000

The host defense system or immune system of all modern animals has their roots in very ancient organisms. After analyzing literature data concerning properties of invertebrates and vertebrates lectins we suggest that mechanism of mannans recognition may exist in marine invertebrates, as a universal mechanism for homeostasis maintenance and host defense, and mannan-binding lectins family of vertebrates has ancient precursor, as was shown for another S-type lectins family. We carried out the screening of mannan-binding type lectin among different species of echinoderms inhabiting in Piter the Grate Bay, the sea of Japan. As a result, the C-type lectins (SJL-32) specific for high mannose glycans was isolated from the coelomic plasma of the sea cucumbers Stichopus japonicus by ion-exchange chromatography on a DEAE-Toyopearl 650M, affinity chromatography on a mannan-Sepharose 6B and gel filtration on a Sephacryl S-200. SJL-32 is homodimer with molecular mass about 32 kDa on SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions. Protein part of the lectin has high conteins Asn, Glu, Ser. Hemagglutination of trypsin-treated O blood group human erythrocytes by SJL-32 was competitively inhibited by high-branched -D-mannan composed of -1,2 and -1,6 linked D-mannopyranose residues. In contrast, a variety of mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides composed of residues of galactose and fucose showed absence or little inhibitory activities. The lectin activity strong depends on Ca2+ concentration, temperature and pH. Monospecific polyclonal antibodies were obtained to the lectin. As was shown by ELISA assay, antibodies to SJL-32 cross-reacted with human serum mannan-binding lectin. This data allows making conclusion about common antigenic determinants and structural homology of both lectins. In our opinion, SJL-32 belongs to evolutionary high conservative mannan-binding lectins (MBLs) family and takes part in the host defense against pathogenic microorganisms.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.358-366
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• 2009

유산균이 위장관과 구강건강에 probiotics로서 긍정적인 영향을 미치고 있음이 보고되고 있다. 이에 시판되는 유산균 발효유 5종과 우유를 선택하여 우식유발 원인균인 S. mutans에 대한 증식억제 및 biofilm 형성에 미치는 영향을 평가하고, 발효유의 산도, 완충능, 산생성능, 칼슘과 인의 함량을 측정하였다. 유산균 발효유에 S. mutans를 주입한 후 생균수를 측정한 결과 모든 발효유의 %가 증가함에 따라 S. mutans 수가 감소했으나 우유에서는 변화가 없었다. 10% 유산균 발효유에 S. mutans를 주입한 후 biofilm 형성 정도를 측정한 결과 액티브 GG, 불가리스는 biofilm 형성이 감소하였고, 이오는 유의한 변화가 없었으며, 투티, 에이스, 우유는 증가하였다(P<0.05). 유산균 발효유 및 우유의 산도를 측정한 결과 이오(3.48${\pm}$0.01), 투티(3.67${\pm}$0.02), 에이스(3.71${\pm}$0.02), 액티브 GG(4.04${\pm}$0.02), 불가리스(4.19${\pm}$0.02) 순으로 나타났다. 유산균 발효유의 산생성능을 평가한 결과 불가리스가 가장 높은 산생성능을 보였으며 액티브 GG, 에이스, 투티, 이오, 우유 순으로 산도 하강 경향을 나타냈다. 이상의 결과는 유산균 발효유가 초기산도 및 산생성능 측정 결과 우식유발 가능성이 있음을 나타냈다. 그러나 유산균 발효유 중에서 농후발효유가 우식유발균인 S. mutans를 억제하였고 biofilm 형성을 감소시켜 긍정적인 효과를 가지고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 공업화학
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.204-215
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• 1993

게껍질과 같은 수산계 페기물로부터 추출한 chitin과 epichlorohydrin을 반응시켜 epoxy-activated chitin을 합성하였다. 이것을 hexamethylene diamine을 사용하여 aminohexyl chitin을 합성하였고 다시 epichlorohydrin과 반응시켜 epoxy-activated aminohexyl chitin을 합성하였다. 최종적으로 epoxy-activated aminohexyl chitin을 tannin을 고정화시킨 chitin(Resin I)을 합성하였다. 또한 chitosan과 silane coupling agent인 $\gamma$-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxy silane을 반응시켜 tannin을 고정화 시킨 chitosan(Resin II)을 합성하였다. pH를 변화시키면서 $Cu^{+2}$, $Ni^{+2}$, $Cr^{+6}$, $Co^{+2}$, $Pb^{+2}$, $Ba^{+2}$, 및 $UO_2{^{2+}}$와 같은 금속이온들에 대한 고정화 tannin의 흡착은 batch법으로 측정하였다. 금속이온들에 대한 이들 고정화 tannin의 흡착 경향은 pH의 증가와 더불에 흡착능이 증가하였다. 또한 pH의 변화, 접촉시간, 수지의 양 그리고 금속이온의 농도에 따른 Resin(I)과 Resin(II)의 흡착능을 검토하였다. 결과적으로 chitin과 chitosan에 고정화 시킨 tannin은 uranyl이온에 대해 좋은 흡착능을 보였다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.251-256
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• 2007

The crystal structure of fully dehydrated partially Cs+-exchanged zeolite X, [Cs52Na40Si100Al92O384], a = 24.9765(10) A, has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Fd3 at 21 °C. The crystal was prepared by flow method for 5 days using exchange solution in which mole ratio of CsOH and CsNO3 was 1 : 1 with total concentration of 0.05 M. The crystal was then dehydrated at 400 °C and 2 × 10-6 Torr for 2 days. The structure was refined to the final error indices, R1 = 0.051 and wR2 (based on F2) = 0.094 with 247 reflections for which Fo > 4σ (Fo). In this structure, about fifty-two Cs+ ions per unit cell are located at six different crystallographic sites with special selectivity; about one Cs+ ion is located at site I, at the centers of double oxygen-rings (D6Rs), two Cs+ ions are located at site I', and six Cs+ ions are found at site II'. This is contrary to common view that Cs+ ions cannot pass sodalite cavities nor D6Rs because six-ring entrances are too small. Ring-opening by the formation of ?OH groups and ring-flexing make Cs+ ions at sites I, I', and II' enter six-oxygen rings. The defects of zeolite frameworks also give enough mobility to Cs+ ions to enter sodalite cavities and D6Rs. Another six Cs+ ions are found at site II, thirty-six are located at site III, and one is located at site III' in the supercage, respectively. Forty Na+ ions per unit cell are located at two different crystallographic sites; about fourteen are located at site I, the centers of D6Rs and twenty-six are also located at site II in the supercage. Cs+ ions and Na+ ions at site II are recessed ca. 0.34(1) A and 1.91(1) A into the supercage, respectively. In this work, the highest exchange level of Cs+ ions per unit cell was achieved in zeolite X by conventional aqueous solution methods and it was also shown that Cs+ ion could pass through the sixoxygen rings.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2004

수산물 처리시 폐기물로 발생하는 Undaria pinnatifida 를 $Pb^{2+}$ 가 함유된 폐수의 흡착처리시 흡착제로 활용하는 방안을 검토하였다. 성분분석 결과, Undaria pinnatifida는 주로 탄화수소화합물로 구성되어 있었으며 비표면적이 상당히 높아 흡착제로서의 잠재적 활용도가 큰 것으로 파악되었다. Undaria pinnatifida 입자의 Electrokinetic Potential은 pH 8 부근에서 음의 최대값을 보였으며 전 pH 범위에 걸쳐 음으로 하전되어 양이온의 흡착에 적합한 것으로 검토되었다. $Pb^{2+}$는 실험조건에서 반응개시 수 분 이내에 대부분이 흡착되었으며 평형에 도달하는 시간은 약 30분 정도인 것으로 나타났다. 또한, Undaria pinnatifida 표면에 대한 $Pb^{ 2+}$의 흡착은 Freundlich Isotherm 을 따르는 것으로 관찰되었으며 발열반응의 특성을 확인하였다. 산에 의한 흡착제의 전처리는 흡착능을 향상시켰으나 염기로 전처리할 경우에는 오히려 흡착능이 저하되었다. Undaria pinnatifida 표면에 존재하는 작용기들과 $Pb^{ 2+}$ 와의 Organometallic Complex 형성이 $Pb^{ 2+ }$의 흡착에 주요하게 작용하는 것으로 파악되었으며, 경쟁적 흡착질의 존재, ionic Strength 의 변화, 그리고 착화합물제가 수중에 공존할 경우 $Pb ^{2+}$ /의 흡착성이 상당한 영향을 받는 것으로 관찰되었다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.465-476
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• 2021

Scale and rust generation in water pipes is a common phenomenon when cast iron water pipes have been used for a long time. A physical water treatment device is known among various means for suppressing rust in a water pipe, and a zinc ionization device for putting zinc metal into a pipe and emitting the zinc cation into water is one of such devices. This research measured the amount of zinc ion generated, which is known to exhibit an effect of inhibiting rust and scale generation in a pipe, and examined the scale and rust inhibition effect of the ionization device installed for ground or building water supply. In the case of distilled water, the concentration of zinc ion increased by circulating water in the ionization device several times, and it was verified to be hundreds of ㎍/L, and in the case of discharging ground or tap water, it was verified to be tens of ㎍/L. In addition, a verification pipe was installed to confirm the change inside the pipe before and after installation of the zinc ionization device, and the internal condition of the pipe was observed 3 months to several years after installation. It was confirmed that the corrosion area of the surface of the pipe was no longer increased by installing a corrosion inhibitor, and if the pipe was already filled with corrosion products, the amount of corrosion products gradually decreased every year after installation. The phenomenon of fewer corrosion products could be interpreted as expanding the space in the pipe due to the corrosion product as Fe₂O₃ adhered to the inner surface of the pipe and turned into a smaller black Fe₃O₄. In addition, we found that scale such as CaCO₃ together in the corrosion by-products gradually decreased with the attachment of the ionization device.