• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.339-347
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• 2014

This study investigated the classification of olive oils that are mainly distributed in Korea via imports. The fatty acid contents, degree of color, pigments, anti-oxidants, and sterol contents are analyzed on the different types of olive oil as follows: 10 kinds of extra virgin olive oil, 5 kinds of pure olive oil, and 5 kinds of refined olive-pomace oil. As a result of fatty acid analysis, the majority of oleic acid ($C_{18:1}$) and palmitic acid ($C_{16:0}$), and minority of linoleic acid ($C_{18:2}$) and stearic acid ($C_{18:0}$) were detected without any significant differences between the grades of olive oils. The UV spectrum is related to the ${\Delta}K$, and it is a part of the analysis factor for the purity and degree of degradation of the oil. Extra virgin olive oil had ${\Delta}K$ of almost 0, pure olive oil had 0.07~0.12, and refined olive-pomace oil had 0.1~0.13. These differed from extra virgin oil, and the pure or pomace oil ${\Delta}K$ had a confirmed distinct difference. The color degrees of chlorophyll with a low $L^*$ value and $(-)a^*$ (green) and carotenoid with $(+)b^*$ (yellow) were confirmed to have correlation between extra virgin and other olive oils. To compare chlorophyll and carotenoid as natural pigment in olive oils, 417 nm and the ratio of the absorbance at 480 nm (417/480) was calculated at 1.62 of extra virgin, 1.85 of pure olive oil, and 3.32 of refined olive-pomace oil. Therefore, it will be possible to distinguish when the extra virgin or pure olive oil are mixed with olive-pomace oil. The total amount of tocopherol, an anti-oxidant, were 19.06 in extra virgin, 10.91 in pure olive oil, and 27.88 in refined olive-pomace oil. The high content of tocopherol in pomace oil caused recovery of solvent extraction from olive pulp. Thus, extra virgin oil and pure olive oil were distinguished by olive-pomace oil. Polyphenol compounds in extra virgin olive oil measured high only in ferulic acid with 0.543 mg/kg, caffeic acid with 0.393 mg/kg, and other vanillic acid, vanillin, and p-coumaric acid had similar amount of 0.3 mg/kg. All grade of olive oils had the highest ${\beta}$-sitosterol content. Af (Authenticity factor) value were estimated with campesterol and stigmasterol content ratio (%). Af value was 19.2 in extra virgin olive oil, 17.1 in pure olive oil, 16.9 in refined olive-pomace oil, which were distinctive from sunflower oil with 3.7, corn oil with 2.4, and soybean oil with 2.0. It can provide important indicator of olive oil adulteration with other cheap vegetable oils. The results of this study can be used as a database for the classification of olive oil grade and distinguishing between the different types of oils.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.173-178
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• 2011

Injectable chitosan hydrogels have attracted great potential due to sustained-release property and safety. Here, palmityl-acylated glycol chitosan (Pal-GC) was used to generate physically cross-linked hydrogels by virtue of hydrophobic attraction of linear fatty carbons. Glycol chitosan was chemically modified with N-hydroxysuccinimide-activated palmitic acid in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) containing dimethylaminopyridine. Through a series of preparation steps of (i) dialysis with DMSO, (ii) addition of palmityl-acylated exendin-4 (Ex4-C16), and (iii) dialysis with water, Pal-GC was self-assembled to form physically cross-linked hydrogels entrapped with Ex4-C16. The Pal-GC derivative was analyzed by using 1H NMR, and the surface morphology of Pal-GC hydrogels formed was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Also, the hypoglycemic effect induced by Pal-GC hydrogels containing Ex4-C16 (250 nmol/kg) was evaluated in non-fasted type 2 diabetic db/db mice and compared with GC hydrogels containing native Ex4 at the same dose. Results showed that palmityl group was successfully conjugated with the amines of glycol chitosan, and that Pal-GC efficiently generated the hydrogels formation. Moreover, Pal-GC hydrogels containing Ex4-C16 was found to greatly prolong the hypoglycemia duration (~ 4 days). This was due to the dual-functions of the palmityl groups present in both GC and exendin-4 such as hydrophobic attraction and plasma albumin-binding. We consider this new type of self-assembled GC hydrogels loaded with Ex4-C16 would be a promising long-acting sustained-release system with anti-diabetic property.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.497-506
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• 2014

In this study, crude glycerol was used as a carbon source in the cultivation of wild yeasts, aiming at the production of microbial lipids and citric acid. Forty yeasts of different sources were tested concerning their growth in crude and commercial glycerol. Four yeasts (Lindnera saturnus UFLA CES-Y677, Yarrowia lipolytica UFLA CM-Y9.4, Rhodotorula glutinis NCYC 2439, and Cryptococcus curvatus NCYC 476) were then selected owing to their ability to grow in pure ($OD_{600}$ 2.133, 1.633, 2.055, and 2.049, respectively) and crude ($OD_{600}$ 2.354, 1.753, 2.316, and 2.281, respectively) glycerol (10%, 20%, and 30%). Y. lipolytica UFLA CM-Y9.4 was selected for its ability to maintain cell viability in concentrations of 30% of crude glycerol, and high glycerol intake (18.907 g/l). This yeast was submitted to lipid production in 30 g/l of crude glycerol, and therefore obtained 63.4% of microbial lipids. In the fatty acid profile, there was a predominance of stearic (C18:0) and palmitic (C16:0) acids in the concentrations of 87.64% and 74.67%, respectively. We also performed optimization of the parameters for the production of citric acid, which yielded a production of 0.19 g/l of citric acid in optimum conditions (38.4 g/l of crude glycerol, agitation of 184 rpm, and temperature of $30^{\circ}C$). Yarrowia lipolytica UFLA CM-Y9.4 presented good lipid production when in the concentration of 30 g/l of glycerol. These data may be used for production in large quantities for the application of industrial biodiesel.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.43-51
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• 1989

녹조 편모류인 Dunaliella tertiolecta Butter를 광도, 광주기 및 온도 조건을 달리하여 배양한 후 조체내의 지방산 조성을 분석하였다. 광주기와 온도 조건은 D. tertiolecta의 성장에 뚜렷한 영향을 주었고, 성장기에 최대 세포수는 $2.32{\times}10^6$, 세포 분열율은 1.97 division/day였다. 여러조건에서 배양한 조체의 지방산을 분석한 결과Cl6(Palmitic acid), C18 : 3$\omega$3 (cis-Linolenic acid)가 주성분이었으며 EPA나 DHA와 같은 고도의 불포화 지방산은 소량 검출되었다. 불포화 지방산(Polyene)은 배양 온도가 낮을수록 증가되었으며, 광도는 불포화 지방산 함량에 별로 영향을 미치지 못했다. 광주기 조건에서, 명주기를 오래할수록 D. tertiolecta의 성장은 증가했지만, 반면에 조체내의 불포화 지방산(Polyene)은 감소되는 것으로 나타났다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.196-204
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common metabolic disease triggered by epigenetic alterations, including lysine acetylation at histone or non-histone proteins, affecting the stability or transcription of lipogenic genes. Although various natural dietary compounds have anti-lipogenic effects, their effects on the acetylation status and lipid metabolism in the liver have not been thoroughly investigated. MATERIALS/METHODS: Following oleic-palmitic acid (OPA)-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells, the acetylation status of histone and non-histone proteins, HAT activity, and mRNA expression of representative lipogenic genes, including $PPAR{\gamma}$, SREBP-1c, ACLY, and FASN, were evaluated. Furthermore, correlations between lipid accumulation and HAT activity for 22 representative natural food extracts (NExs) were evaluated. RESULTS: Non-histone protein acetylation increased following OPA treatment and the acetylation of histones H3K9, H4K8, and H4K16 was accelerated, accompanied by an increase in HAT activity. OPA-induced increases in the mRNA expression of lipogenic genes were down-regulated by C-646, a p300/CBP-specific inhibitor. Finally, we detected a positive correlation between HAT activity and lipid accumulation (Pearson's correlation coefficient = 0.604) using 22 NExs. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that NExs have novel applications as nutraceutical agents with HAT inhibitor activity for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.461-466
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• 1991

감자의 저장성과 가공적성 개선을 목적으로 감자에 마이크로파로 0초, 60초, 120초, 180초 동안 각각 가열한 다음 가루로 만들어 12개월 동안 저장하면서 마이크로파 가열효과를 실험한 결과는 다음과 같다. 감자가루 총지질의 함량은 마이크로파 가열시간이 길수록 감소되었고, 12개월 저장하였을 경우, 저장기간이 길수록 총지질의 함량은 감소하였으나 마이크로파로 가열하여 저장한 감자가루는 저장기간 동안 총지질의 감소량이 적었다. 감자가루 주요 지방산은 linoleic acid(30.92%), palmitic acid(29.35%), linolenic acid(8.90%), stearic acid(8.23%)로 나타났다. 마이크로파 가열을 하였을때 마이크로파 가열시간이 길수록 18 : 2, 18 : 3 등의 불포화 지방산들의 비율은 증가하고, 16 : 0, 18 : 0 등의 포화 지방산들의 비율은 상대적으로 감소하였다. 저장기간 동안 지방산의 조성은 저장기간이 길수록 포화 지방산들의 비율은 증가하고 불포화 지방산들의 비율은 감소하였는데 마이크로파로 가열한 경우 저장시에 나타나는 포화 지방산의 증가와 불포화 지방산의 감소현상이 현저하게 억제되었고 마이크로파 가열시간이 길수록 억제효과가 크게 나타났다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.400-407
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• 2016

인삼 유묘 뿌리 주변에서 자라고 있는 단세포 녹색 조류, 클로렐라 불가리스 KNUA027을 순수분리한 후 본 분리균주의 생물공학적 활용 가능성에대해조사를 실시하였다. 가스크로마토그래프/질량분석기를 이용한 분석 결과, 본 균주에는 영양학적으로 중요한 알파 리놀렌산(C_18:3 ω3, 45.8%, 50.8 mg/g) 및 헥사데카트리엔산(C_16:3 ω3, 11.8%, 13.1 mg/g)과 같은 다가불포화지방산이 풍부한 것으로 밝혀졌다. 따라서, 본 국내 토착 미세조류는 잠재적인 오메가-3 다가불포화지방산 원료가 될 수 있다고 사료된다. 또한, 바이오디젤 생산에 적합한 것으로 알려져 있는 팔미트산(C_16:0, 37.1%, 41.2 mg/g) 역시 본 균주에 의해 주요 지방산 성분으로 생합성 되는 것으로 확인되었다. 근사분석 결과 KNUA027 균주의 휘발성물질 함량은 88.5%였으며, 원소분석 결과 고위발열량은 19.8 MJ/kg으로 나타났다. 본 KNUA027 균주를 이용한 연구결과는 미세조류 기반 바이오연료와 바이오매스 생산을 위한 기초자료 역할을 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.438-446
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to determine the optimum storage time of flounder and seabream for the preparation of flatfish and sushi. With increasing storage time(0-6 hours) at 4$^{\circ}C$, the moisture, -and fat contents of flounder and seabream flatfish decreased while the total number of bacteria increased. Eicosapentaenoic acid and palmitic acid had the highest content in the flatfish fatty acid composition. The pH of flounder and seabream flatfish both decreased at 4 and 3 hours, respectively, and then increased. With increasing storage time, the hardness and cohesiveness decreased, while the springiness, gumminess,-and chewiness initially increased but then decreased. The rigor mortis increased with increasing storage time and the K values of flounder and seabream flatfish both increased at 4 and 3 hours, respectively, and then decreased, whereas ATP contents decreased and then increased. In the sensory evaluation of sushi, the flounder sushi with flatfish stored for 4 hours and the seabream sushi with flatfish stored for 3 hours were found to be the best making condition.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.543-550
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• 2014

Fat and fatty acids in muscle and adipose tissues are among the major factors influencing meat quality particularly nutritional value and palatability. The present study was carried out to examine the effects of supplementing inorganic selenium (Se), iodine (I) and a combination of both on fatty acid compositions in serum, and supraspinatus (SS), longissimus lumborum (LL), and semitendinosus (ST) muscles in goats. Twenty-four, 7 to 8 months old, Kacang male goats with a mean live weight of $22.00{\pm}1.17kg$ were individually and randomly assigned into four groups of six animals each for 100 d of feeding prior to slaughter. The animals were offered the same concentrate (basal) diet as 1% of body weight with ad libitum amount of fresh guinea grass. The four groups were as follows: T1 (control) - basal diet without supplementation; T2 - basal diet with 0.6 mg Se/kg DM; T3 - basal diet with 0.6 mg I/kg DM; T4 - basal diet with combination of 0.6 mg Se/kg DM and 0.6 mg I/kg DM. The major fatty acids (FAs) detected in the serum were palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1n9) and linoleic (C18:2n-6), while the major FAs in the selected muscles were C16:0, C18:0 and C18:1n9 acids. The main polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) detected in muscles and serum were (CI8:2n-6), linolenic acid (C18:3n-3), and arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6). No significant differences (p>0.05) were observed in the concentration of total saturated fatty acids (SFA) among the four groups. PUFA concentrations in the goats supplemented with Se (T2) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the goats of the control group (T1). The PUFA: SFA ratio was significantly higher in the animals supplemented with dietary Se (T2) than those of control ones (T1). It is concluded that dietary supplementation of inorganic Se increased the unsaturated fatty acids in muscle. The supplementation of iodine with or without Se had negligible effects on muscle fatty acid content of Kacang crossbred male goats.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제64권2호
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• pp.137-143
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• 2019

본 연구는 우리나라에서 육성된 조 8 품종과 기장 4 품종의 영양성분을 비교 분석한 결과이다. 조 품종의 탄수화물, 단백질, 지질 함량은 73.90~77.58%, 6.39~9.57%, 3.69~4.24% 범위로 나타났고, 기장은 73.40~75.61%, 9.74~12.06%, 2.83~3.40%로 나타나 조가 기장보다 단백질 함량은 낮고, 지방 함량은 높은 경향을 보였다. 조와 기장의 단백질 함량이 높은 품종은 단아메(조), 금실찰(기장)이고, 지방 함량이 높은 품종은 조황메(조), 만홍찰(기장)이었다. 전체 다량 무기질 함량은 조가 기장보다 높고, 측정 무기질 중 K 함량이 가장 높았다. 조 품종 중에서 경관 1호의 Ca, K 함량이 가장 높았고, 경관 2호는 Mg 함량이 높았다. 기장은 품종 간에 Ca 함량이 가장 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다. 필수 아미노산 함량은 조, 기장 모두 leucine, phenylalanine, valine이 가장 높았으며, 조가 기장 보다 단백질 함량이 낮은 반면에 전체적인 필수 아미노산의 함량이 높았다. 경관1호(조), 황실찰(기장)이 필수 아미노산 함량이 가장 높은 품종이었다. 조와 기장 모두 linoleic acid의 함량이 가장 높게 나타났다. 국내에서 육성된 조, 기장 품종에 대한 영양성분에 관련한 연구를 지속적으로 수행하여 신품종 육성 및 부가가치 향상을 위한 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.