• Title/Summary/Keyword: CSA

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A Cost-Benefit Analysis on the Introduction of EU REACH to Korea (EU 신화학물질정책(REACH) 도입에 대한 비용편익 분석)

  • Cheong, Hoe-Seog
    • Journal of Environmental Policy
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    • v.8 no.3
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    • pp.53-79
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    • 2009
  • This study conducted a regulatory impact analysis regarding the introduction of the Korean version of REACH(Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals). The direct cost of the Korean REACH is estimated at a total of 101 billion Korean won over the 11 year period. The cost includes pre-registration, testing, registration, Chemical Safety Assessment(CSA) and Chemical Safety Report(CSR), evaluation, and the authorization costs of 15,223 chemical substances produced and imported more than 1 ton per year in Korea in 2006. With regard to the benefit, the only public health benefit is included in the estimation. Based on the available foreign and domestic data, this study estimated that the economic values of public health benefits are in the range of 33.2~138.6 billion Korean won if only the savings of the National Health Expenditures are considered and it reaches 203.9~1,640.3 billion Korean won if the willingness to pay(WTP) for disease prevention is included. This study proved that the Korean REACH passed the cost/benefit criteria. The benefit-cost ratio of the Korean REACH, however, is estimated to be lower than its EU counterpart. Thus it is suggested that a rigorous study to reduce the costs to industry be required before the Korean government introduces the Korean REACH.

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Studies on the Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Pleurotus cystidiosus O.K.Miller, the Abalone Mushroom (전복느타리버섯(Pleurotus cystidiosus O.K.Miller)의 형태적 및 생리적 특성에 관한 연구)

  • Jang, Kab-Yeul;Jhune, Chang-Sung;Shin, Chul-Woo;Park, Jung-Sik;Cheong, Jong-Chun;Choi, Sun-Gyu;Sung, Jae-Mo
    • The Korean Journal of Mycology
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    • v.31 no.3
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    • pp.141-147
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    • 2003
  • The pileus of Pleurotus cystidiosus was attached at the side and was spatular-shape. It grew to the size of $7.6{\sim}9.8\;cm$ with dark brown color. The length of stem was $1.4{\sim}2.9\;cm$. The individual weight of fruiting-body was 25.4 g in average. This study was conducted to Investigate the physiological characteristics and to develop the artificial cultivation technique of P. cystidiosus. To find out the optimum condition of mycelial growth of P. cystidiosus, physiological conditions such as media, temperature, pH carbon sources and nitrogen sources were investigated. Various cultural media were used for the cultivation of P. cystidiosus and compost dextrose agar was favorable for mycelial growth. The optimal growing temperature and pH were in range of 25 to $30^{\circ}C$, pH $7{\sim}9$, respectively. When different carbon sources were compared, glucose was found to be best. However nitrogen sources were different with each strains. When different C/N ratio were compared, 20:1 of C/N ratio was found to be best.

Design of Format Conversion Filters for MPEG-4 (MPEG-4를 위한 포맷 변환 필터의 설계)

  • Jo, Nam Ik;Kim, Gi Cheol;Yu, Ha Yeong
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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    • v.22 no.4
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    • pp.637-637
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    • 1997
  • In this paper, format conversion filters are proposed, which have advantages in hardware implementation compared to the ones proposed in MPEG-4 Video Verification Model. since each coefficients of the proposed filters is constrained to have less than two non-zero digits in minimal signed digit representation, multiplication of input and the coefficient can be implemented by a single adder. As a result, the proposed filters have advantages in hardware complexity and speed, compared to the filters which are usually implemented by integer multiplier or carry save adders. Six kinds of filters are proposed in MPEG-4 Video Verification Model for size conversion of 2:1, 4:1, 5:3 and 5:6. We design 5 filters for the same purpose and compare the performance. The remaining one is very simple to implement. For comparing the filtering performance, we first compare the results of sine wave frequency conversion as an indirect but meaningful comparison. Second. We compute the PSNR of the images obtained from the proposed filters and the ones proposed by MPEG, with reference to the images obtained by using double precision arithmetic and high order filter. The results show that the performance of the proposed filters is almost the same as that of the filters proposed by MPEG. In conclusion, the peroformance of the proposed filters is comparable to that of the ones in MPEG-4, while requiring lower hardware complexity and providing high operating speed.

The Motion Estimator Implementation with Efficient Structure for Full Search Algorithm of Variable Block Size (다양한 블록 크기의 전역 탐색 알고리즘을 위한 효율적인 구조를 갖는 움직임 추정기 설계)

  • Hwang, Jong-Hee;Choe, Yoon-Sik
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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    • v.46 no.11
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    • pp.66-76
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    • 2009
  • The motion estimation in video encoding system occupies the biggest part. So, we require the motion estimator with efficient structure for real-time operation. And for motion estimator's implementation, it is desired to design hardware module of an exclusive use that perform the encoding process at high speed. This paper proposes motion estimation detection block(MED), 41 SADs(Sum of Absolute Difference) calculation block, minimum SAD calculation and motion vector generation block based on parallel processing. The parallel processing can reduce effectively the amount of the operation. The minimum SAD calculation and MED block uses the pre-computation technique for reducing switching activity of the input signal. It results in high-speed operation. The MED and 41 SADs calculation blocks are composed of adder tree which causes the problem of critical path. So, the structure of adder tree has changed the most commonly used ripple carry adder(RCA) with carry skip adder(CSA). It enables adder tree to operate at high speed. In addition, as we enabled to easily control key variables such as control signal of search range from the outside, the efficiency of hardware structure increased. Simulation and FPGA verification results show that the delay of MED block generating the critical path at the motion estimator is reduced about 19.89% than the conventional strukcture.

A Study on the Deterioration Status of the Seonjaryeong Forest Trails in the Baekdudaegan Ridge (백두대간 마루금 선자령순환등산로의 숲길훼손실태 연구)

  • Lee, Sugwang;Lee, Jinkyu;Kim, Myeongjun;Bang, Hongseok
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.110 no.1
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    • pp.91-105
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    • 2021
  • We conducted a study to identify the relationships between the investigated factors and provide a methodology and generate data by applying deterioration classes to the Seonjaryeong Forest Trail (4.3 km) in the Baekdudaegan Ridge. The average trail width (1.7 m) and bare width (1.4 m) were wider than those obtained in the previous studies. The frequency of trail deterioration was also high. Specific data on deterioration classes were obtained and evaluated using qualitative criteria. Specific data for heavy class stands at 20.1% in trail grade, 13.3 cm on average, and 16.1 cm in the center of erosion depth, 16.2 cm of CSA, 12.3 kg/cm (20.1 mm) on average and maximum 39.3 kg/cm (29.6 mm) of soil hardness. We observed a positive correlation between the deterioration class and trail grade, and the average and maximum soil erosion depths of the hill side were deeper than those of the ridge. The soil hardness data showed a statistically significant difference in terms of the transect site and calculation method (㎏/㎠, mm). Therefore, trail deterioration was observed at the sites having ≥20% trail grade; thus, continuous monitoring at fixed sites over time will be required for sustainability. Furthermore, the trail grade should be of the utmost priority in trail design and management.

Correlation between Fatty Infiltration of Lumbar Paraspinal Muscle and Slip Percentage on 45 Korean Medicinal Treatment Cases of Spondylolisthesis: A Retrospective Study (척추전방전위증 환자 45예의 요추주변근육의 지방침착도와 전위정도의 상관성에 대한 후향적 연구)

  • Kim, Yu-Gon;Kim, Dae-Ho;Jeong, Hyeon-Gyo;Lim, Jin-Woong;Kim, Yong-Hwa;Kang, Deok;Jeong, Hwe-Joon;Shin, Kyung-Moon;Shin, Dong-Hoon;Yang, Jae-Woo;O, Ji-Hoon;Cho, Jae-Seong
    • Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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    • v.32 no.1
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    • pp.51-62
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    • 2022
  • Objectives Objective of this study is to investigate the role of paraspinal muscles by examining the correlation between slip percentage (SP) of spondylolisthesis and fatty infiltration of lumbar paraspinal muscle. Methods Retrospective analysis was performed on 45 patients diagnosed with spondylolisthesis based on medical records. Using T2-weighted axial magnetic resonance imaging, cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of psoas major (PM), multifidus (MU) and erector spinae (ES) were calculated and divided by CSA of lower level vertebral body (VB). SP was measured using sagittal T2-weighted images. Correlation of SP with muscle relative cross-sectional area (RCSA) and muscle fatty infiltration by Goutallier classification was respectively analyzed using Spearman correlation. Statistic assessment conducted by Wilcoxon signed rank test and paired t-test using program GraphPad prism 5 (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Results Spondylolisthesis forward slip percentage by Taillard's method was negatively associated with both side MU RCSAs. No significant correlation was found between PM RCSA, ES RCSA and SP. Forward slippage was significantly correlated with fatty infiltration of lumbar paraspinal muscle measured by Goutallier classification. Conclusions This study is to understand the role of paraspinal muscle affecting spinal instability by investigating correlation between statistical deviation of lumbar muscle characters (RCSA, fatty infiltration of lumbar muscle) and SP. We found that spondylolisthesis SP is positively related to fatty infiltration of lumbar paraspinal muscle. and is negatively associated with both side MU RCSAs.

Growth performance, carcass traits, muscle fiber characteristics and skeletal muscle mRNA abundance in hair lambs supplemented with ferulic acid

  • Pena-Torres, Edgar Fernando;Castillo-Salas, Candelario;Jimenez-Estrada, Ismael;Muhlia-Almazan, Adriana;Pena-Ramos, Etna Aida;Pinelli-Saavedra, Araceli;Avendano-Reyes, Leonel;Hinojosa-Rodriguez, Cindy;Valenzuela-Melendres, Martin;Macias-Cruz, Ulises;Gonzalez-Rios, Humberto
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.64 no.1
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    • pp.52-69
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    • 2022
  • Ferulic acid (FA) is a phytochemical with various bioactive properties. It has recently been proposed that due to its phytogenic action it can be used as an alternative growth promoter additive to synthetic compounds. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the growth performance, carcass traits, fiber characterization and skeletal muscle gene expression on hair-lambs supplemented with two doses of FA. Thirty-two male lambs (n = 8 per treatment) were individually housed during a 32 d feeding trial to evaluate the effect of FA (300 and 600 mg d-1) or zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH; 6 mg d-1) on growth performance, and then slaughtered to evaluate the effects on carcass traits, and muscle fibers morphometry from Longissimus thoracis (LT) and mRNA abundance of β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR), MHC-I, MHC-IIX and IGF-I genes. FA increased final weight and average daily gain with respect to non-supplemented animals (p < 0.05). The ZH supplementation increased LT muscle area, with respect to FA doses and control (p < 0.05). Cross-sectional area (CSA) of oxidative fibers was larger with FA doses and ZH (p < 0.05). Feeding ZH increased mRNA abundance for β2-AR compared to FA and control (p < 0.05), and expression of MHC-I was affected by FA doses and ZH (p < 0.05). Overall, FA supplementation of male hair lambs enhanced productive variables due to skeletal muscle hypertrophy caused by MHC-I up-regulation. Results suggest that FA has the potential like a growth promoter in lambs.

Effects of Gender and Perpetrator age on the Perceptions of Child Sexual Abuse (성별과 가해자 연령이 아동 성폭력 사건 인식에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Hyeonseung;Park, Jisun
    • Korean Journal of Forensic Psychology
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    • v.11 no.3
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    • pp.287-307
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    • 2020
  • Child sexual abuse (CSA), under the age of 13, has increased over the past ten years, but research on the perceptions of perpetrators and victims have mainly focused on sexual violence against adults. Differentiating the age of the perpetrator into child, adolescent, and adult, the present study examined differences in perceptions of perpetrators and victims of child sexual abuse. The study also investigated differences by the gender of respondents, and examined the effects of Sexual Violence Myths (SVM) and Authoritarian Personality on perceptions of child sexual abuse. A total of 210 people in their 20s to 60s evaluated the degree to perpetrator blaming, perpetrator punishment, victim responsibility, and pain of the victim, and responded to the SVM scale and Authoritarian Personality scale. The correlation analysis, one-way ANOVA, independent samples t-test, and mediation analysis were conducted. The difference in the perception of perpetrator punishment by the age of the perpetrator was significant, indicating that respondents thought that adolescent perpetrators should be more severely punished than child perpetrators. Male respondents compared to female respondents were more likely to attribute the responsibility of sexual assault to the victim, to accept sexual violence myths and to be authoritarian. Sexual Violence Myths mediated the effects of the gender of respondents on the perception of victim responsibility, and Authoritarian Personality moderated these mediation effects. Finally, the limitations and implications of the study were discussed.

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Development of Optimum Grip System in Developing Design Tensile Strength of GFRP Rebars (GFRP 보강근의 설계 인장강도 발현을 위한 적정 그립시스템 개발)

  • You Young-Chan;Park Ji-Sun;You Young-Jun;Park Young-Hwan;Kim Keung-Hwan
    • Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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    • v.17 no.6 s.90
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    • pp.947-953
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    • 2005
  • Previous test results showed that the current ASTM(American Standard for Testing and Materials) grip adapter for GFRP(Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer) rebar was not fully successful in developing the design tensile strength of GFRP rebars with reasonable accuracy. It is because the current ASTM grip adapter which is composed of a pair of rectangular metal blocks of which inner faces are grooved along the longitudinal direction does not take into account the various geometric characteristics of GFRP rebar such as surface treatment, shape of bar cross section as well as physical characteristics such as poisson effect, elastic modulus in the transverse direction and so on. The objective of this paper is to provide how to proportion the optimum diameter of inner groove in ASTM grip adapter to develop design tensile strength of GFRP rebar. The proportioning of inner groove in ASTM grip adapter is based on the force equilibrium of GFRP rebar between tensile capacity and minimum frictional resistance required along the grip adapter. The frictional resistance of grip adapter is calculated based on the compressive strain compatibility in radial direction induced by the difference between diameter of GFRP rebar and inner groove In ASTM grip. All testing procedures were made according to the CSA S806-02 recommendations. From the preliminary test results on round-type GFRP rebars, it was found that maximum tensile loads acquired under the same testing conditions is highly affected by the diameter of inner groove in ASTM grip adapter. The grip adapter with specific dimension proportioned by proposed method recorded the highest tensile strength among them.

The Main Contents, Comment and Future Task for the Space Laws in Korea (한국에 있어 우주법의 주요내용, 논평과 장래의 과제)

  • Kim, Doo-Hwan
    • The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.119-152
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    • 2009
  • Korea now has a rapidly expanding and developing space programme with exploration aspirations. The government is giving priority to the aerospace industry and, to put it on a better footing, enacted an Aerospace Industry Development Promotion Act in I987, a Space Development Promotion Act in 2005 and a Space Compensation for Damage Act in 2007. I would like to describe briefly the legislative history, main contents and comment for these three space acts including especially launch licensing, registration of space objects, use of satellite information, astronaut rescue, liability for compensation, third party liability insurance and establishment of committee and plans to assist the Korean space effort. Furthermore author proposed to legislate a new draft for the establishment of a Korean Aerospace Development Agency (KADA: tentative title) to create a similar body to Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), British National Space Centre (BNSC) of UK, French Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Swedish Space Corporation (SSC), China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC), Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) as well as the Korean Space Agency (KSA: Tentative title) to create a similar body to Canadian Space Agency, European Space Agency, Russian Space Agency, Italian Space Agency, Israel Space Agency, Indian Department of Space, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of USA, China National Space Administration in order to develope efficiently space industry. If the Korean government will be establish the Korean Space Agency as an governmental organization in future, it is necessary to revise the contents of the Government Organization Act. It is desirable and necessary for us to establish an Asian Space Agency (ASA), in order to develop our space industry and to promote research cooperation among Asian countries, based on oriental idea and creative powers.

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